Aquilino links Admiral John Aquilino of the United States Indo-Pacific Command stated in New York on May 23, 2023: I hope that President Xi takes away. First, there is no such thing as a short war. And if the decision were made to take it on, then it would be drastically devastating to his people in the form of blood and treasure. It will drastically upset certainly the rest of the world economy. We are so interwoven. But bottom line is investment of the blood and treasure in order to achieve your objectives, that needs to be really a very hard decision. So he has to understand that. I think he needs to understand that the global community can be pulled together quickly when they disagree with actions taken in that fashion. So this effort of global condemnation is something that any aggressor has to deal with. President Putin is dealing with it right now, and by the way it is not just militarily; economically and diplomatically and the variety of other ways. So all those lessons learnt should be thought of. And ultimately it is not in anybody's interest, which is why I have articulated the continued effort to maintain this peace... My efforts are you know 100% percent working to prevent conflict, and ... 美国印太司令部司令阿奎利诺5月23日在纽约说: 希望習主席放棄動武。 首先,沒有所謂的短期戰爭。 如果決定採取動武,那麼它將以鮮血和財寶的形式對他的人民造成毀滅性的打擊。 我們是如此交織在一起, 它肯定會極大地擾亂世界的經濟。 但底線是為了實現你的目標而投入鮮血和財寶,這有必要被成為是一個非常艱難的決定。 所以他必須明白這一點。 我認為他需要明白,當國際社會不同意以動武這種方式採取行動時,他們可以迅速團結起來。 因此,這種全球譴責的努力是任何侵略者都必須準備應對的。 普京總統現在正在應對它,順便說一句,這不僅僅是軍事上的; 而且是經濟和外交以及其他各種方式。 因此,應該考慮所有這些經驗教訓。 動武最終這不符合任何人的利益。這就是為什麼我明確表示要繼續努力維持這種和平……你知道我的努力是 100% 的工作以防止衝突,... (但是如果維持和平的任务失败,那就做好准备进行战斗并取得胜利)。 The First OpiumWar 1839-1842 Boxer Rebellion 1900 - Fifty-five Days' Siege of the Peking Legation Quarter and Invasion by Eight Powers
Chinese_Empire-totter-to-its-base.jpg alt=
The Fool Risk Under An Imbecil
傻子風險
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
It's Inhuman! Within ONE Day, Millions of People Are Left Homeless, All to Protect Xi's Xiong'an Ghost City.
What Happened after the Beijing Flood? - Why The Chinese Government is Terrified
An imbecilic dictator whose daughter is in America, whose brother and sisters are naturalized citizens of Australia and Canada; an imbecilic dictator who forgets monster Mao tse-tung persecuted his father; and an imbecilic dictator who wants to live to 150 years old, serve the people and rip their body parts (中共全國文聯原黨組書記、副主席、原文化部副部長高占祥 (?-2022年12月9日)在北京病逝,終年87歲。中共全國政協常委、中國民主促進會中央委員會副主席朱永新,在12月11日的悼文中說,高占祥「身上的臟器換了好多,他戲稱許多零件都不是自己的了。」) For twenty years, this webmaster had been telling the world that Alan Greenspan, possibly the smartest American but bedazzled by the "conundrum" of long term interest rates, does not know that this webmaster's countryside cousins, mostly women, had been going to Guam, Samoa and other Pacific islands for a decade as the export of labor: what is coming to the U.S. market is merely a tag stating something not "made-in-China" but made-by-the-Chinese in nature. The smartest American turned out to be Professor Peter Navarro, and it might not be some coincidence that his books "The Coming China Wars" and "Death by China" are similar to what this website wrote about for the last 20 years. Anthony Fauci of CDC & Peter Daszak of EcoHealth were the enablers who funded Communist China's gain-of-function research on bat coronaviruses at China's Wuhan lab What this webmaster does not know is that the Chinese were going to Italy as well, where they worked as coolies and slaves for the "Made in Italy [by Chinese]" brands, and spread the coronavirus in Italy today. What a farce Communist China gave the world, and what a disaster Communist China caused to the world! Don't forget that France (Alain Merieux of bioMerieux - sarcastically-related to Moderna, the other side of a coin) and the United States (Anthony Fauci of CDC & Peter Daszak of EcoHealth) acted as the 'enablers' in designing and constructing the P4 virus research center in Wuhan, as well as in providing the funds. And don't forget what happened today was because the Americans served as the midwife who delivered China into the communist hands as i) Roosevelt, in collusion with Churchill and Stalin, sold out China at Tehran and Yalta; and ii) George Marshall forced three truces [Jan-10-1946, June-6-1946, & Nov-8-1946] onto the Republic of China and further imposed the 1946-47[48] arms embargo while the commies were equipped by the Stalin-supplied American August Storm weapons and augmented by the mercenaries including the Mongol cavalry, the Japanese 8th Route Army troops, the Soviet railway army corps, and the 250,000-strong [Kwantung Army-converted] Korean diehards. (Refer to "The Italian fashion capital being led by the Chinese"; "Coronavirus Hits Heart of Italy's Famous Cheese, Wine, Fashion Makers" for further reading. Military Documents About Gain of Function Contradict Fauci Testimony Under Oath: EcoHealth Alliance approached DARPA in March 2018 seeking funding to conduct gain of function research of bat borne coronaviruses... According to the documents, NAIAD, under the direction of Dr. Fauci, went ahead with the research in Wuhan, China and at several sites across the U.S.)
For better understanding the head-on collision between the United States and Communist China, refer to the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of the Japanese firepower during WWII, that derived from the American unpositive neutrality; the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of communist army's firepower during the 1945-1950 civil war, that derived from American-supplied Soviet August Storm weapons; and the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through Joseph Stalin, Kim Il Sung and Mao Tse-ting's hands during the 1950-1953 Korean War.
Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up !
An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction !
Donald Trump reveals he called Xi Jinping 'king'; Dreams of a Red Emperor: The relentless rise of Xi Jinping; Emperor Xi Meets Donald Trump Thought; Trump Praises Xi as China's `President for Life' -- an imbecil leading China on a path of destruction !
*** Translation, Tradducion, Ubersetzung , Chinese ***
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Videos about China's Resistance War: The Battle of Shanghai & Nanking; Bombing of Chungking; The Burma Road (in English)
Videos about China's Resistance War: China's Dunkirk Retreat (in English); 42 Video Series (in Chinese)
Nanchang Mutiny; Canton Commune; Korean/Chinese Communists & the Japanese Invasion of Manchuria; Communist-instigated Fujian Chinese Republic
Communist-instigated Marco Polo Bridge Incident
The Enemy From Within; Huangqiao Battle; N4C Incident
The 1945-1949 Civil War
Liao-Shen, Xu-Beng, Ping-Jin Yangtze Campaigns
Siege of Taiyuan - w/1000+ Soviet Artillery Pieces (Video)
The Korean War The Vietnam War

utube links Defender of the Republic Song of the Blue Sky and White Sun

*** Related Readings ***:
The Amerasia Case & Cover-up By the U.S. Government
The Legend of Mark Gayn
The Reality of Red Subversion: The Recent Confirmation of Soviet Espionage in America
Notes on Owen Lattimore
Lauchlin Currie / Biography
Nathan Silvermaster Group of 28 American communists in 6 Federal agencies
Solomon Adler the Russian mole "Sachs" & Chi-com's henchman; Frank Coe; Ales
President Herbert Hoover giving Japan a free hand in the invasion of Manchuria
Mme Chiang Kai-shek's Role in the War (Video)
Japanese Ichigo Campaign & Stilwell Incident
Lend-Lease; Yalta Betrayal: At China's Expense
Acheson 2 Billion Crap; Cover-up Of Birch Murder
Marshall's Dupe Mission To China, & Arms Embargo
Chiang Kai-shek's Money Trail
The Wuhan Gang, including Joseph Stilwell, Agnes Smedley, Evans Carlson, Frank Dorn, Jack Belden, S.T. Steele, John Davies, David Barrett and more, were the core of the Americans who were to influence the American decision-making on behalf of the Chinese communists. 
It was not something that could be easily explained by Hurley's accusation in late 1945 that American government had been hijacked by 
i) the imperialists (i.e., the British colonialists whom Roosevelt always suspected to have hijacked the U.S. State Department)  
and ii) the communists. At play was not a single-thread Russian or Comintern conspiracy against the Republic of China but an additional channel 
that was delicately knit by the sophisticated Chinese communist saboteurs to employ the above-mentioned Americans for their cause The Wuhan Gang & The Chungking Gang, i.e., the offsprings of the American missionaries, diplomats, military officers, 'revolutionaries' & Red Saboteurs and the "Old China Hands" of the 1920s and the herald-runners of the Dixie Mission of the 1940s. (Note that the Soviet Red Army military advisers sent to China were mostly German Jews, and the Comintern agents sent to China were mostly American Jews.)
Wang Bingnan's German wife, Anneliese Martens, physically won over the hearts of the Americans by providing the wartime 'bachelors' with special one-on-one service per Zeng Xubai's writings.  Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai
Stephen R. Mackinnon & John Fairbank invariably failed to separate fondness for the Chinese communist revolution from fondness for Gong Peng, the communist fetish who worked together with Anneliese Martens to infatuate American wartime reporters. (More, refer to the Communist Platonic Club at wartime capital Chungking.)
 
Chinese dynasties: a chronology
Antiquity The Prehistory
Fiery Lord
Chi-you
Yellow Lord
Xia Dynasty 1978-1959 BC 1
2070-1600 BC 2
2207-1766 BC 3
Shang Dynasty 1559-1050 BC 1
1600-1046 BC 2
1765-1122 BC 3
Western Zhou 1050 - 771 BC 1
1046 - 771 BC 2
1122 - 771 BC 3
1106 - 771 BC 4
interregnum 841-828 BC
840-827 BC 4
Eastern Zhou 770-256 BC
770-249 BC 3
Spring & Autumn 722-481 BC
770-476 BC 3
Warring States 403-221 BC
475-221 BC 3
Qin Statelet 900s?-221 BC
Qin Dynasty 221-207 BC
247-207 BC 3
Zhang-Chu
(Chen Sheng)
209 BC
Zhang-Chu
(Yi-di)
208 BC-206 AD
Western Chu
(Xiang Yu)
206 BC-203 AD
Western Han 206/203 BC-23 AD
Xin (New) 8-23 AD
Western Han
(Gengshidi)
23-25 AD
Western Han
(Jianshidi)
25-27 AD
Eastern Han 25-220
Three Kingdoms Wei 220-265
Three Kingdoms Shu 221-263
Three Kingdoms Wu 222-280
Western Jinn 265-316
Eastern Jinn 317-420
16 Nations 304-439
Cheng Han Di 301-347
Hun Han (Zhao) Hun 304-329
Anterior Liang Chinese 317-376
Posterior Zhao Jiehu 319-352
Anterior Qin Di 351-394
Anterior Yan Xianbei 337-370
Posterior Yan Xianbei 384-409
Posterior Qin Qiang 384-417
Western Qin Xianbei 385-431
Posterior Liang Di 386-403
Southern Liang Xianbei 397-414
Northern Liang Hun 397-439
Southern Yan Xianbei 398-410
Western Liang Chinese 400-421
Hunnic Xia Hun 407-431
Northern Yan Chinese 409-436
North Dynasties 386-581
Northern Wei 386-534
Eastern Wei 534-550
Western Wei 535-557
Northern Qi 550-577
Northern Zhou 557-581
South Dynasties 420-589
Liu Soong 420-479
Southern Qi 479-502
Liang 502-557
Chen 557-589
Sui Dynasty 581-618
Tang Dynasty 618-690
Wu Zhou 690-705
Tang Dynasty 705-907
Five Dynasties 907-960
Posterior Liang 907-923
Posterior Tang 923-936
Posterior Jinn 936-946
Khitan Liao Jan-June 947
Posterior Han 947-950
Posterior Zhou 951-960
10 Kingdoms 902-979
Wu 902-937 Nanking
Shu 907-925 Sichuan
Nan-Ping 907-963 Hubei
Wu-Yue 907-978 Zhejiang
Min 909-946 Fukien
Southern Han 907-971 Canton
Chu 927-963 Hunan
Later Shu 934-965 Sichuan
Southern Tang 937-975 Nanking
Northern Han 951-979 Shanxi
Khitan Liao 907-1125
Northern Soong 960-1127
Southern Soong 1127-1279
Western Xia 1032-1227
Jurchen Jin (Gold) 1115-1234
Mongol Yuan 1279-1368
Ming Dynasty 1368-1644
Manchu Qing 1644-1912
R.O.C. 1912-1949
R.O.C. Taiwan 1949-present
P.R.C. 1949-present

 
 
Sinitic Civilization Book 1 華夏文明第一卷:從考古、青銅、天文、占卜、曆法和編年史審視的真實歷史
Sinitic Civilization-Book 1

Sinitic Civilization Book 2 華夏文明第二卷:從考古、青銅、天文、占卜、曆法和編年史審視的真實歷史
Sinitic Civilization-Book 2

Tribute of Yu
Tribute of Yu

Heavenly Questions
Heavenly Questions

Zhou King Mu's Travels
Zhou King Muwang's Travels

Classic of Mountains and Seas
The Legends of Mountains & Seas

The Bamboo Annals
The Bamboo Annals - Book 1

From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols: A History of Barbarians in Triangle Wars and Quartet Conflicts (天譴四部曲之三: 從契丹到女真和蒙古 - 中原陸沉之殤)
The Scourge-of-God-Tetralogy: From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols: A History of Barbarians in Triangle Wars and Quartet Conflicts
(available at iUniverse; Google; Amazon; B&N)

   

AMERICAN AID TO CHINA ?

(*** machine-translated Chinese language version: ***)

Armed Uprisings Against Manchu Qing Dynasty
Song Jiaoren's Death & Second Revolution
The Republic Restoration Wars
The Wars For Protecting 'Interim Agreed-Upon Laws'
Civil Wars Among Northern Warlords
Guangdong-Guangxi War & Sun Yat-sen's Return To Canton
Guangdong-Guangxi War & Li Zongren's Emergence
Li Zongren Quelling Guangxi Prov
Whampoa Academy & Chiang Kai-shek's Wars
Northern Expeditions & Unification Of China
Invasion Of Manchuria, Chaha'er & Jehol 1931-34
Mukden Incident - 9/18/1931 & Battle Of Jiangqiao
Shanghai Provocation - 1/28/1932
Battles of the Great Wall
China In Crises Of Internal Turmoil & Foreign Invasions
Japanese Invasion (1937-1945)
Marco Polo Bridge Incident & Battle of Tianjin-Peking
Campaign Of Nankou & Campaign of Xinkou
Air Battles Directed By Chennault & With Russian Pilots
Battles of Shanghai, Jiangyin, Si'an & Nanking Defence
Rape Of Nanking & The Great Rescue Of 1937
Eight Year Long Resistance War
Mingguang, Linyi-Tengxian, Tai-er-zhuang , & Xuzhou
Battles of Lanfeng, Wuhan, Nanchang, & Sui-Zao,
1st Changsha Battle, Kunlunguan, Wuyuan, & Zao-Yi,
Fatigue Bombing of Chongqing by Japanese
Aggression Against Vietnam & Southeast Asia
Yu-nan & E-bei, Shanggao, & Mt Zhongtiaoshan
2nd Changsha Battle, & Pacific Wars
3rd Changsha Battle, Zhe-Gan, Changde, & E-xi
First, & Second Burma Campaign, & Phase II
[ revolution.htm & tragedy.htm]
Communist Armed Rebellions
Second Northern Expedition
War Of Chiang Kai-shek versus Gui-xi (March 1929)
War Of The Central Plains (May 1930)
Campaigns Against Communist Strongholds
The Long March
Xi'an Incident - Turning Point of Modern History
Demise Of Red Army Western Expedition
[ campaign.htm & terror.htm ] [ default page: war.htm ]

 
Continuing from Tragedy of Chinese Revolution, Campaigns & Civil Wars, & White Terror vs Red Terror:
 
After reading through the memoirs by Chiang Kai-shek's attache and secretaries, this webmaster could not explain the riddles about the fast fall of Chiang Kai-shek's regime. Blaming on the corruption by the Kung-Soong families, on the Whampoa lineage generals, on the communist espionage, and on the communist propaganda did not explain the whole issue. This webmaster was at one time still hot on Chiang Kai-shek's money trail without deriving any satisfactory explanation. After reading the book TOO LITTLE, TOO LATE, this webmaster found answers. What this webmaster was surprised about is that someone already saw through the riddles. It is just the cover-up and ignoring by the mainstream academics that buried the gem in the sand. What this webmaster is referring to here is the following writing by some brave woman called Freda Utley.
 
* In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

* Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
Jeanne d'Arc of China:
Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.

 
This webmaster's previous doubt about "Acheson's 2 billion aid" was completely answered here. There is no need to find the original crap written by Acheson for comparison. Freda Utley did it for us dozens of years ago. The aid of 2 billion U.S. dollars was a crap. Evidence reinforced this webmaster's conviction that a full house of the Soviet spies, who controlled the U.S. Treasury Department and the State Department, worked to destroy Republican China on behalf of the Soviets. G Marshall, as Wedemeyer said, first armed China and then disarmed China. The U.S. arms embargo continued till the China Aid Act of 1948, and ammunition did not get released till November of 1948. (In contrast, the cunning British, breaking the embargo, gave Chiang a dozen of warships to put off China's demand for recovering Hongkong, something the British promised to return after the victory over Japan to avoid damage to the British wartime morale. In the aftermath of the May 1947 Menglianggu Campaign debacle, Chiang Kai-shek, in deep remorse, renamed one of the British bribery warships by the name of Lingfu in commemoration of General Zhang Linfu.)
 
After further reading of Wellington Koo's memoirs, the impression was that George Marshall was the most evil of all, and had NO integrity, and always flip-flopped on the matter of China, and was determined to destroy the R.O.C. at any excuse and on any pretext. Marshall's hands had the blood of millions of Chinese killed in the Chinese civil wars. As disclosed by the documents at the George Marshall foundation, George Marshall, possibly the most hideous agent working on behalf of Stalin and the Soviet Union, saved the ass of the Chinese Communists with a threat to withhold the economic aid that was supposedly coming from the U.S. export-import bank, which never materialized. Marshall, in spring 1946, flew back to China to stop the Chinese army from moving beyond the Sungari River.

 
Germany was the only country to have given China a loan before the 1937 war outbreak. The term was 100 million German marks. By 1938-1939, the balance of the loan was written off. The exact amount of the German marks allocated was not clear.
 
After the outbreak of the resistance war, from 1937 to 1939, the U.S.S.R., which of course provoked the Sino-Japanese War through the repeating G.R.U. operations in China and espionage activities within the Japanese/American governments, gave China three generous loans, with no strings attached, in the amount of 50 million USD, 50 million USD, and 150 million USD. (One minor string attached, it was said, was to have Chiang Kai-shek agree to equip the small communist army as the New Fourth Army [Corps] and the Eighth Route Army plus funding.)
 
The United States did not give an unsecured loan to China till the eve of the Japanese launch of the puppet Nanking regime in Nanking in March 1940, with the only purpose of keeping China in the war with Japan. (In 1931, there was a customs-revenue-securitized loan of 9 million USD dollars to purchase wheat [Young, p. 49]; and in 1933, there was a cotton and wheat loan of US$50 million, actually a credit offered by Americans for boosting the American Agricultural Price, which China had to cut down to 10 million from the original 40 million on the cotton component due to hyper-price set in the unfavorable terms of trade. )
China's Millions Paving the Burma Road (in English)
While China's people, in millions, were paving the Burma Road to barter-trade the mercury, tungsten, pig hair bristles with the "neutrality"-observing U.S., for some meagre credit of 15-25 million U.S. dollars, the Soviet Comintern agents, who surrounded Eleanor Roosevelt, plus George Marshall's wife, as the so-called "China Defense League" front organization, funneled from 1938 to 1941 at least 20 million U.S. dollars to the Chinese Communists in Yenan, who in turn pincer-attacked the R.O.C. government troops and guerrila fighters in synchronization with the Japanese invaders.
The Enemy From Within;
Huangqiao Battle;
Wan-nan Incident.

The lend-lease amounts were merely US$26 million (1941, mostly squandered in Burma in the aftermath of the Japanese invasion), US$100 million (1942), US$49 million (1943), and US$53 million (1944).
 
The Aug 1949, 1000 page China White paper published by D.G. Acheson claimed that the U.S. had given to China US$2 billion. After checking Freda Utley's calculation, we could tell the 2 billion amount consisting of the majority in the form of service(s) during and immediately after the WWII, included the UNRRA goods that was said to be 685M USD by Seagrave and 500M by Kerr. The bulk of 2 billion, i.e., service(s), included the costs in dispatching Chinese troops to the coast and Manchuria as well as repatriating 2 million Japanese to Japan islands. The remnant of Lend-Lease program, e.g., the rotten inventories on Pacific Islands, were probably the only American flow to China after the outbreak of 1945-1950 civil war. Jung Chang, in "Mao: The Unknown Story", repeated the cliché by exaggerating the American aid amount to be 3 billion USD dollars, i.e., one billion more than Acheson's. Her brother, Zhang Pu, lurking on the internet, had found out the loopholes and began to whitewash the number to 1.5 billion financial aid and about 0.8 billion military aid [which were still untrue]. Communist China's Social Academy chief Liu Da’nian acknowledged that Chiang received no more than 0.6 billion in aid. The actual number won't be more than 0.2 to 0.3 billion, including the 0.125B from the 1948 China Aid Act which rolled over to China Area Aid, to be squandered in Indochina, instead.
After General Marshall became Acting Chief of Staff effective 1 July 1939, he wrote to the Japanese Army the following: I am "sure that the cordial relations which have existed between the Imperial Japanese Army and the Army of the United States will continue, and I shall look forward to pleasant contacts with you [i.e., the Japanese general] during your tour of duty in Washington ." (Marshall to Yamauti, July 5, 1939, GCMRL/ G. C. Marshall Papers [Pentagon Office, Congratulations] . ) More, Brigadier General John Magruder, in October of 1941, relayed the fear of Chinese leader [Chiang Kai-shek] that the "Japanese Army was poised to launch a major drive against the southern city of Kunming, aimed at cutting the Burma Road, China's last important supply link with friendly powers. Marshall's reply was "he knew Magruder very well and ... stated that he knew Magruder when he was in China before, and General Marshall was himself in China . When the Japanese were about to advance on Nanking [in 1937], Magruder, from his sympathy with the Chinese and from his viewpoint as gathered by his experience in China, became quite stampeded... and he knew Magruder so well that he, General Marshall, could properly interpret Magruder's messages." That is, China, who cares!
 
The American aid to China was completely sabotaged by i) colonialists and ii) communists inside of the U.S. government. The American Production Mission to China wasn't set up until September '44. Per Edwin Locke, "Well, the problem had just never been attended to before, for one thing; and for another, we were just getting into a position where militarily we could supply a lot more help to China. You see, China was at the end of the line before; she was almost an orphan, and we didn't do very much more than maintain Chennault and his hundred airplanes there in South China, until we began building big bomber bases in China for bombing Japan. China then began to assume a great deal more importance. I think this is your reason..." --The airfields completely bankrupted China's wartime finance and led to spiraling inflation from 1942 to 1945, which replayed again from 1947 to 1949 when George Marshall left China.
Stilwell, the slimy who itched "to throw down ... shovel and get over there and shoulder a rifle with Chu Teh" the communist commander, before his kickout from China, paid a visit to Mme Sun Yat-sen the No. 1 Comintern agent in China. George Marshall quit his job twice, J.I.T (just in time), in anticipation of some pre-arranged phonecalls from Truman to tack on the jobs as 1) first the mediator in the Chinese civil war and ii) second as defense minister for the Korean War, respectively. George Marshall returned Zhou Enlai's address book to Zhou Enlai, sealed, while never alerting Chiang Kai-shek of the communist spies like Xiong Xianghui. While Currie stopped the German weapons from shipping to China and Truman dumped China's Lend-Lease weapons to the Indian Ocean, Acheson and George Marshall personally pushed for the 1946-47 arms embargo against China and imposed three ceasefire onto the Chinese government, Jan-10-1946, June-6-1946, & Nov-8-1946. Marshall deliberately flew back to China in April 1946 to stop the Chinese Nationalist troops from chasing the communists north of the Sungari River. This is how CHINA WAS LOST.
 
As disclosed by the documents at the George Marshall foundation, George Marshall, possibly the most hideous agent working on behalf of Stalin and the Soviet Union, saved the ass of the Chinese Communists with a threat to withhold the economic aid that was supposedly coming from the U.S. export-import bank, which never materialized. G Marshall, from 1946 to 1948, repeatedly probed numerous Chinese officials and generals as to who could be Chiang's successor. The U.S. Department of State, run by the Soviet Russian agents, were repeatedly sending out rumors about getting a successor for Chiang. Marshall's hands had the blood of millions of Chinese killed in civil wars. G Marshall, as Wedemeyer said, first armed China and then disarmed China. The U.S. arms embargo continued till the China Aid Act of 1948, and ammunition did not get released till Nov of 1948. After weapons were shipped out, Acheson and the undercover Russian agents further attempted to order the ships to turn around at Guam and Okinawa. In Oct 1949, Acheson pleaded with the British, where the Cambridge Soviet Spy Ring was at work, for recognition of Communist China, which Britain did on Jan 1st, 1950. After that, Acheson declared the Aleutian curvature, which direcly led to the eruption of the Korean War.

* In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

* Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
Jeanne d'Arc of China:
Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.

In the past decade, a new generation of academics had emerged on the mainland China and reflected on the communist ascension to power in the 1949, including Yang Kuisong, Gao Hua, Niu Jun, Zhang Baijia, Dai Chaowu, Shen Zhidan & Li Danhui and et al. But none of them wished to become China's Sakharov as Fang Lizhi had attempted prior to June 4th, 1989 Massacre. We could not put blame on the courage and conscience of people still in China, though; the mere mentioning of their names could give them trouble, and the banning of their personal websites. The conscience of China, meanwhile, had undergone setbacks in the information age that would supposedly open up China. Yahoo, for instance, has admitted to sharing the user information for journalist Shi Tao with the Chinese communist authorities earlier this year in a move that landed him a 10-year jail term. In doing so, the firm 'complied with local Chinese law', according to Yahoo spokeswoman Mary Osako.
 
Outside of China, Yu Maochun, as late as in his book "OSS In China", still failed to see through the agenda of Joseph Stilwell, as seen in Foreign Military Aid and Assistance to China. Stilwell, who took over the post originally set for Drum, was to execute George Marshall's agenda of "Germany First & Asia Second", i.e., a Soviet spies' agenda and a British design to choke the Republic of China to make sure China would not emerge from the world war to be victorious. Some overseas dissidents, like Cao Changqing, et al., had a blind faith in the so-called "American generosity" and the Republican Party's doctrines of 'democracy, freedom and liberty' as a result of delusion over the intermittent American for-show statements, like the Monroe Doctrine, Wilson's 14 Points, the Hull "ultimatum" of November 26th, 1941, & the American opposition to the British-Franco's colonialist activities in the Middle East, etc. In or outside China, they failed to see the in-depth of the Russian/Comintern conspiracy against China. They have not come to discern the American plays of the Chinese cards, and are still arguing among themselves, blindfolded by the Acheson's 2 Billion Crap aid to Nationalist China and Marshall's Dupe Mission To China & the Arms Embargo, not to mention i) American President Grant's attempt at making Manchu China divide Ryukyu into three parts with Japan, ii) John Watson Foster's collusion with the Japanese in selling the Shimonoseki Treaty, iii) the American navy's sailing gunboats and warships in the Yangtze to protest against the 1911 Xinhai Revolution, iv) the American navy's sailing gunboats and warships into the 'White Swan Pond' of Canton to protest against Sun Yat-sen's customs tax withholding, v) J.P. Morgan and the Wall Street's floating $263 million in loans to the Japanese by 1931 while refusing to aid China on the pretext of isolationism, vi) America's continuing sale of scrap metals and petrol oil after the Japanese sinking of Panay in 1937, and vii) America's selling out China at the Yalta and colluding with the Soviet Russians in subversion of Nationalist China.
 
What the Chinese side did not and does not understand about the Yalta Betrayal & the George Marshal Dupe Mission is that two factions of the Anglo-American interest groups, i.e., the ranks of innate cousins of the British colonialists and the ranks of the American doctrinists with advocacy for the "China containment" [or the containment of the Yellow Peril], had joined hands with the Soviet/Comintern agents in subverting the Republic of China.

 
* In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

* Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
Jeanne d'Arc of China:
Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.

 
The Truman crap cited by Yuanyuan Peng in "The Chinese Banking Industry: Lessons from History for Today's Challenges":
I discovered after some time that Chiang Kaishek and the Madame and their families, the Soong family and the Kungs, were all thieves, every last one of them, the Madame and Him included, And they stole 750 million dollars out of the [US$3.5] billion that were sent to Chiang. They stole it, and it is invested in real estate down in Sao Paulo and some right here in New York. (Miller 1974:289)

 
The Truman crap cited by Harry Gelbe in "The Dragon and the Foreign Devils: China and the World, 1100 B.C. to the Present":
They're all thieves, every damned one of them. They stole 750 million out of the billions that we sent to China. They stole it, and it's invested in real estate down in SAao Paolo and some right here in New York.
 
William S. Youngman, who served as President Roosevelt's representative to the "China Defense Supplies" during WWII and became a lifelong friend of Tse Vung Soong (TV Soong), later acted as the last will executor for Tse Vung Soong executor statement (available from the Hoover Library and showing assets of $1.125,986 which derived mostly from the capital gains of stock investments), rebutted Seagrave's accusation, and pierced the rumors as to the Soong family's corruption.
 
Communist China's Social Science Academy chief Liu Da’nian acknowledged that Chiang Kai-shek received no more than 0.6 billion in aid. The actual number won't be more than 0.2 to 0.3 billion, including the 0.125 billion from the 1948 China Aid Act which rolled over to the "China Area Aid", to be squandered in Indochina in the 1950s and 1960s, instead. After weapons were shipped out, with the first ship leaving Seattle, Acheson and the undercover Russian agents further attempted to order the ships to turn around at Guam and Okinawa. At about the same time the Republican Party forced through the China Aid Act in 1948, Stalin officially stamped a loan for the Chinese communists of equivalent amount allocated by the China Aid Act, with no strings attached.
 
1913 Chinese Reorganization Gold Bonds:
The Republic of China, for dealing with financial insolvency and dismissing the soldiers from the 1911 revolution, resorted to imperialist powers for huge loans which did not get approved till after Song Jiaoren's assassination death on March 20th, 1913. Tang Shaoyi first initiated the loan request for 8,5000,000 taels of silver with four countries of Britain, the U.S., Germany & France whereas Japan and Russia joined in for profiteering soon. This is commonly known as the 1913 Chinese Reorganization gold bonds. The 1913 "aftermath borrowing", commonly labeled as Yuan Shikai's reorganized gold loan and known as the "1913 Chinese Reorganization Gold Bonds", was restructured in the 1930s together with the old debts of the Qing dynasty. The southwest China's railway loans that triggered the 1911 Xin Hai Revolution as a result of the Manchu attempt at nationalizing the railways for transfer to the international synarchists, was paid a coupon and interests again in 1928. This loan, with the British, German and American funds, became the poster child auctioned on the EBay today. The Hu-guang (Hukuang) loan, together with the Tientsin-Pukow railway loan, were pledged by the customs and salt revenue tax. After the Japanese invasion of Manchuria, the salt taxes that were robbed by the Japanese made China default on the two railway loans, portion of which belonged to the Americans. The two railway loans, which were barely reorganized and reinstated in the early part of 1937, fell back again after the Japanese invaded China and seized all ports along the coast.
 
After the restructuring of the 'aftermath loan' in 1913, the United States withdrew from the six-nation consortium. In 1920, a new four-nation consortium was formed; however, this consortium did not give any loan to China on the pretext of not offending Japan. The United States had never given a loan to China before 1931. The only loan was the refunds of the Boxer Indemnity Fund. According to Diana Preston's The Boxer Rebellion, Michael Hunt of Yale University in May 1972 concluded in an Journal of Asian Studies article that U.S. Secretary Hay knew at the beginning that the American claims for the boxers' indemnities were exaggerated and excessive; that Roosevelt ignored the Chinese claim for refunding the surplus and procrastinated the refund for as long as possible; and that Roosevelt approved the partial refund only after the Chinese side softened the positions to allow the refund to be used according to the American wish, namely, the Chinese side proposed the usage of funds for educating the Chinese studies in America. Mike Billington, in "How London, Wall Street Backed Japan's War Against China and Sun Yat Sen", pointed out that "the House of Morgan, functioning as an arm of British imperial policy within the United States, first became seriously involved with the formation of a bankers' Consortium for China, in 1909, consisting of banking interests from the United States, Britain, France, and Germany. The British, under Hongkong and Shanghai Bank chief Sir Charles Addis, took overall direction of the Consortium, with a J.P. Morgan representative leading the American Group. Although the Consortium did finance a Shanghai-to-Canton rail line, their primary task was to prop up the decayed Ching dynasty against the mounting republican revolutionary pressure".
 
In the 1930s, the Nanking government of the Republic of China again reorganized the old debts of the Peking government of the Republic of China. After the Sino-Japanese War, this restructured debts' payments were stopped because the payment of the external debts, which were securitized by the customs and salt taxes under the supervision of the powers, were taken over by the Japan-installed puppet governments and deposited to the Japanese Yokohama Specie Bank. The powers, since 1938, colluded with the Japanese in depositing China's customs tax and salt tax, i.e., the funds reserved for the payment of the reorganized R.O.C. bonds, in the Japanese Yokohama Specie Bank, hence forfeiting the claim to payment of the principal and interests on the R.O.C. debts --that was reorganized in the 1930s to have included the Peking government's debts, i.e., 1913 Chinese Reorganization gold bonds, plus the Manchu debts such as the Huguang railroad and public works debt in what's now Hebei Province and three other southern and southwestern provinces. (Republic of China, in light of the force majeure event and the fact that the powers colluded with Japan in intercepting the custom taxes, announced in January 1939 that the debt payments would be stopped after the strenuous efforts at making such payments throughout 1937-1938 and that the powers should seek payments of the principal and interests with Japan, instead. Later, in 1950, the U.S., which again betrayed the R.O.C. in excluding the R.O.C. Taiwan government from the treaty signatory ceremony, reached a consensus with the rest of powers in relinquishing the wartime damages against Japan, which in the sense of international law nullified the claims to the R.O.C. reorganized bonds that were securitized by the customs tax and salt tax that were robbed by the Japanese. The San Francisco Treaty of Peace in 1950-1951 required countries to abandon claims for the financial losses caused by the Japanese aggression, including the claims related to the Chinese war time loss of the customs duties and salt tax. The powers, in relinquishing the wartime damages against Japan, nullified the claims to the R.O.C. reorganized bonds that were securitized by the customs tax and salt tax that were robbed by the Japanese. From this point of view, alone, the European powers or the United States lost the recourse to recover debts with payments ceased due to the Sino-Japanese war.)
 
Two American Financial Loans of the Early 1930s:
The Roosevelt government, which was hijacked by the leftists and communists, deliberately avoided helping China on the excuse that any aid to China could be used by Chiang Kai-shek to fight the civil war against the Red Army. Throughout the 1930s, there were only two loans:
  • In 1931, there was a customs-revenue-securitized loan of 9 million USD dollars to purchase wheat [Young, p. 49]; and
  • in 1933, there was a cotton and wheat loan of US$50 million, actually a credit offered by the Americans for boosting the American Agricultural Price, which China had to cut down to 10 million from the original 40 million on the cotton component due to hyper-price set in the unfavorable terms of trade.
    (Throughout the first part of the 20th century, the Americans never bothered to provide aid to China, with Paul Reinsch, i.e., American minister to China, circumventing the Morgan house-controlled consortium to liaison with the Chicago banks for loaning money to China. The Morgan house, a lackey of the Japanese imperialists, had deflected the China financing on the pretext of not offending Japan.)
     
    Pre-lend-lease Amounts:
  • On October 25th, 1938, the U.S. approved a barter trade in loaning China a loan of 20 million U.S. dollars after dispelling any doubt of a quick fall of Chiang Kai-shek's government. China was to provide 220,000 tons of tung oil to the U.S. at an interest rate of 4.5% due in five years. The loan was for purchasing trucks for transporting goods on the Burma Road. The U.S. finance minister Morgenthau pressured the State Department, which was hijacked by the British hands and the Soviet agents, into accepting this barter by emphasizing the need of becoming China's friend like the [Soviet] Russians --who schemed to provoke the Sino-Japanese War to make China into a blood pool to tie down Japan, an exact word used by Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov in his memoirs to describe the effect of the Sino-Japanese War on the Soviet Union. (Chen Guangfu and Morgenthau got acquainted with each other during the silver crisis of the 1930s.)
  • On December 15th, the U.S. Import & Export Bank officially cut the loan of 25 million to China. Five days later, Britain followed through with an offer of 500,000 pounds equivalent of amount from a credit line to China for purchasing trucks in the transport of tung oil on the Sino-Burmese Highway. After the eruption of the European War, China obtained a second batch of the "tung oil" loan on March 7th, 1940, with the collateral requirement of China's tin ore. From March 1939 to August 1941, China exported tung oil via the primitive transport tools to Haikou for selling to the U.S. as a means of exchanging 33 million U.S. dollars' worth of machinery parts.
  • In February 1940, the U.S.-China signed a second barter agreement for Yunnan-Guangxi Provinces' tin ore in exchange for a loan of 20 million U.S. dollars. In February 1940, the U.S.-China signed a second barter agreement for the Yunnan-Guangxi Provinces' tin ore in exchange for a loan of 20 million U.S. dollars. The "tin" barter agreement was valued at 20 million U.S. dollars at 4% interest rate, with the collateral of 40,000 tons of tin to be sold to the U.S. with a timeline of seven years. The designated purpose of the 'tin' agreement was non-military.
  • The ultimate American intervention in China in March 1940, i.e., the Americans' hastily giving Chiang Kai-shek a badly-needed loan, would be to prevent Japan and China from reaching a truce after Chiang Kai-shek deliberately spread a rumor that his Chongqing (Chungking) government could merge with the puppet Nanking government.
  • On April 1st, 1940, a promise of 50 million U.S. dollars for balancing the foreign exchange rate with the Chinese currency Plus another loan of 50,000,000 US dollars.
  • China also exported Guizhou Province's mercury to the U.S. In September 1940, the tungsten was also included in the barter trade with the U.S., with a 25 million U.S. dollars' barter agreement signed, in exchange for the U.S. selling to China 45000 pistols.
     
    On April 1st, America agreed to provide a loan of 50 million U.S. dollars for equalizing the foreign exchange rate with the Chinese "fa bi" (legalized currency). On April 25th, 1941, Soong Ziwen (T.V. Soong) and the American finance minister made a joint announcement that the U.S. would supply a loan of 50,000,000 U.S. dollars while Britain would supply 5 million pounds for standardizing the exchange rate of China's "fa bi" (legalized currency). British-provided funds were restricted to deployment on the Shanghai Bund, which basically fell into the hands of Japan-controlled companies. Both the American and British loans and usage in the foreign exchange market were subject to cancellation with short notice as well as requiring the British/American government approvals. Per Francis Pike, Roosevelt sealed a deal with Congress on December 2nd to provide China with two US$50 million loans. What Pike meant by two loans could be the loan agreement signed back on April 1st, 1940, that designated the purpose of the first $50 million for the Chinese currency stabilization and an additional $50 million credit for purchase of supplies, that was said by Pike to be utilized to buy 100 Curtis P-40 Kittyhawk fighter planes -- that were later shipped to Rangoon for Chennault's Flying Tigers and prior to engagement with the Japanese after Pearl Harbor, numbered about one third left after wear and tear from training.
     
    Unpositive Neutrality:
    The ultimate American intervention in China in March 1940, i.e., the Americans' hastily giving Chiang Kai-shek a badly-needed loan, would be to prevent Japan and China from reaching a truce after Chiang Kai-shek deliberately spread a rumor that his Chongqing (Chungking) government could merge with the puppet Nanking government. This is after what Utley called by "unpositive neutrality" against the 'belligerent' countries, namely, Japan and China, which was free and unrestrained arms sale to Japan and de facto arms embargo against China. Note that the arms embargo only hurt China since China did not have an industrial base to produce the basic weapons while Japan's factories could roll out the warships and airplanes on a wholesale scale. Also note that in contrast with the Americans, the European powers, being constrained by the mediation role of the League of Nations, dared not openly sell arms to Japan. Through 1940-1941, prior to the U.S. revocation of the 1911 U.S.-Japan Commerce Treaty, the Americans were the biggest supplier of raw material, oil, aviation oil, and weapons, to the extent that some U.S. senator called by Scott making a claim that out of every one million Chinese killed by the Japanese, 544,000 Chinese were killed by the Americans. Thirty-one U.S. congressional members made a joint declaration to the effect that the U.S., not NAZI Germany, nor Italy, was the best ally of Japan. (From 1937 to 1945, 21,000,000 Chinese lost their lives, among whom about 3.8 million were soldiers, officers and generals. General consensus of total death toll could amount to 38 million, including possibly millions of Chinese prisoners of war who were killed by the Japanese army.)
     
    From 1937 to 1938, the U.S. provided 290 million U.S. dollars' worth of war materials to Japan under the Neutrality Act, with 190 million alone in year 1939. After the outbreak of the 1937 war, the U.S. supplied 18 million U.S. dollars' worth of war planes to Japan, seven times more than the planes' sale in 1937. Another 190 million U.S. dollars' worth of war materials were sold to Japan in 1940. Prior to the U.S. revocation of the U.S.-Japan commerce treaty on January 26, 1940, Japan organized six procurement delegations to the U.S. and obtained 500 million U.S. dollars' worth of supplies from the U.S., including 36 million U.S. dollars' moulding-tool "master machine" equipment for manufacturing the artillery and other heavy military equipment. In August 1940 alone, over 300,000 tons of U.S. scrap irons and raw irons were sold to Japan. In 1941, the U.S. sold to Japan 131% more petrol oil to Japan than in 1940, which was to say that the Japanese planes that bombed the Pearl Harbor used the U.S.-made petrol oil. Altogether, prior to the Pearl Harbor attack [which ensued from the U.S. freezing the Japan assets and ordering the oil embargo on July 25, 1941, i.e., the Soviet Snow Operation orchestrated by Harry Dexter White], the U.S. provided at least 1 billion U.S. dollars' worth of supplies to Japan, including scrap irons, steel, special steel (alloy steel), nickel, cobalt, tungsten, chemicals, etc., with 70% for the military purpose. (What happened was that the Japanese, through two American missionaries, opened a channel of secret negotiations with the United States, that resulted in a to-be-signed memorandum with about five points for solution of the "China Incident", namely, the United States would pressure the Republic of China into accepting the state of puppet Manchukuo and waiving the demand for the Japanese war indemnity on the precondition that Japan withdrew its invasion army from China proper. Later, this secret U.S.-Japan agreement was to be overturned by Matsuoka Yosuke who reached a non-aggression treaty with the U.S.S.R. on April 13th, 1941, with the direct consequence of eruption of the Pearl Harbor attack.)
     
    Before the war, the U.S. provided Japan with 181 million U.S. dollars' worth of weapons and arsenals to meet Japan's purported 1937-1942 six-year war plan against the Soviet Union. Throughout the 1930s, the DuPond group sold Japan the chemical technology for manufacturing bombs; the Ford group transferred the metallurgy technology to Japan; the Rockefeller group assisted Japan with building the electronics industry; and the Mellon group modernized Japan's aviation. Only Japanese Akira Ariye understood this part of the U.S.-Japanese history. (Of course, the same synarchists built the armaments' factories for the Soviets in the Ural mountains.)
     
    The Lend-lease Amounts:
    The actual American lend-lease amounts for the time period of 1940-1944 were smaller than Stalin and the Soviets' aid of 250 million USD from 1937-1940. Stalin's generosity was the result of the Soviet scheme to provoke the Sino-Japanese War in order to make China into a blood pool to tie down Japan, an exact word used by Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov in his memoirs to describe the effect of the Sino-Japanese War on the Soviet Union. The itemized amounts were merely:
    US$26 million (1941, mostly squandered in Burma in the aftermath of the Japanese invasion),
    US$100 million (1942),
    US$49 million (1943), and
    US$53 million (1944). (Numbers were from Arthur Young, economic adviser to the Republic of China and one of the few Americans who harbored true sympathy with China and the Chinese people. For comparison's sake, we want to list the amounts from the communist money laundering: i) Chen Hansheng's laundering 20 million US dollars to Yenan through the CPUSA and the leftist and communist front organizations in the U.S.; ii) communist actress Wang Ying's donation collection activities in Southeast Asia, that could amount to 10-20 million US dollars; and the Japanese foreign ministry's funneling of over 3 billion yens of funds to the Chinese communists through Pan Hannian, equivalent to 25 million US dollars, according to Endo Homare, the only survivor of her family from the 1948 communist siege and blockade of Changchun that led to the starvation death of 300,000 civilians.)
    The American aid to China was completely sabotaged by i) the colonialists and ii) the communists inside of the U.S. government. The American Production Mission to China wasn't set up until September '44. Per Edwin Locke, "Well, the problem had just never been attended to before, for one thing; and for another, we were just getting into a position where militarily we could supply a lot more help to China. You see, China was at the end of the line before; she was almost an orphan, and we didn't do very much more than maintain Chennault and his hundred airplanes there in South China, until we began building big bomber bases in China for bombing Japan. China then began to assume a great deal more importance. I think this is your reason..."
     
    Rather receiving any benefits from the lend lease, the Chinese side had spent enormous resource on supporting the American operation. The airfields completely bankrupted China's wartime finance and led to spiraling inflation from 1942 to 1945, which replayed again from 1947 to 1949 when George Marshall left China. Wellington Koo's memoirs often talked about some amount related to the INVERSE LEND LEASE, an amount that the Americans owed to China. Wellington Koo, throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s, were constantly working with the Americans to balance out the dollar amount of aid from the Americans and the dollar amount of the financial support that R.O.C. provided to the Americans.
     
    After Pearl Harbor, Chiang Kai-shek requested for a loan with the U.S. Back on December 30th, Chiang Kai shek, in light of inadequate usage of the Lend-Lease Act aid, had asked the American government for a loan of five hundred million dollars, and asked the British government for a similar sum. A mechanism was proposed to devise a proxy "Trade Dollar" currency to "directly compensate each of one million Chinese soldiers at the rate of ten American dollars a month, five for pay, and five for maintenance" -- a scheme that Churchill endorsed to Roosevelt and Morgenthau. Morgenthau sold the panoply to T.V. Soong, with Chiang replying that the cleavage between the Chinese soldiers compensated in this manner could hasten the collapse of the Chinese economy and that this advance of funds should require no security or other terms for the cause of fighting the common enemy. Morgenthau's people, with Soviet agents included of course, continued to oppose the loan to China, with a deliberate suggestion to pool in the Soviets for contribution. This led to Morgenthau's query with Litvinov on January 29th, which Litvinov flatly declined and furthermore commented on it as Chiang's blackmail. Nevertheless, with Singapore to fall to the Japanese and the Burma battles to be started anytime, cool heads reached a consensus to grant such a loan, which was promptly stamped by both the House and Senate. On March 14, 1941, the Chinese Ministry of Finance issued two government treasuries of US$100 million, with one long term bond termed the "Allied victory bond" and the other short term bill in the form of short term certificates, that were backed by the new American credit at the rate of 20 CNC for one American dollar; however, there was not much enthusiam for subscription to the bonds and certficates until July 1943, when there was suspicious heavy rush-buying, which stirred accusation of corruption against H.H. Kung.
     
    There was one important episode recorded in Roosevelt's conversations with Chiang, namely, the Burma campaign and the promised aid to China. After Roosevelt left Cairo, both promises were broken. In the aftermath of the American and British negating decisions made at Cairo for the Second Burma Campaign, there was back and forth discussions within the U.S. to refuse such a loan. As to the billion-dollar loan, ambassador Gauss, when called to Chiang's office, and when Mme Chiang spoke of the cost to maintain the American air force, was "unmoved". In a despatch to the State Department on December 23rd, Gauss claimed that "China would not be helped by an American dollar alone at this time" and implied that only successful military operations to open the Ledo Road could have resolved the inflation issue with increased transport of goods. Hull, a good man, suggested a "soft" refusal blunting the effect of a flat denial's impacting the Chinese morale as well as suggested the Treasury Department to send a fact-finding kind of mission to China. The Treasury Department, where Soviet spy Harry Dexter White was at work, did not support the loan either, claiming that it might "retard the decline in the value of the Chinese dollar" and slow up inflation "not much or for long". Morgenthau, claiming that the loan was unnecessary and undesirable, suggested some lesser measures to "reduce the volume of Chinese currency". Roosevelt, on January 5th, 1944, ordered that Morgenthau's memo with reasons that the loan was not justified be sent to Chiang. Hull wanted Gauss to blunt the impact when presenting the memo to Chiang. The Americans took the Chinese threat as a blackmail, and thought that Chiang could possibly withhold the Yoke force from going into Burma as a bargaining chip. In January of 1944, the War Department thought about curtailing operations in China. Somervell, Marshall and Stimson were all fed up.
     
    The disputes continued, surrounded two issues: Mme Chiang insisted that Roosevelt promised to meet the full cost of constructing the American bomber base at Chengdu (Chengtu), and the American War Department was unwilling to convert the U.S. dollars at the official CNC exchange rate of 20:1, which would amount to an expenditure of 100 million dollars each month to maintain operation in China. China claimed that if using the black market rate, let's say 130 CNC to 1 U.S. dollar, then granting such an exchange rate would ruin the Chinese currency. On the Chinese side, Chiang thought that the loan was trivial in comparison with the outlay doled out to the British and Russians. H.H. Kung suggested in January of 1944 that the Americans themselves had to "arrange to buy the supplies, labor, and construction materials" after March 1st, 1944, as seen in Gauss' despatch on January 16th. In talks with the U.S. State Department, H.H. Kung stated: "It cost us something about ninety CNC dollars to feed an American soldier a day...We in China are vegetable eaters...in China your boys need six eggs a day, and now it is cut down to four eggs. But you eat a pound of beef a day. In Kunming alone we are keeping cows and oxen to supply you... 12,000 catties of beef alone every day...in this country you raise animals for the purpose of meat; in China we don’t do that. In order to supply the meat we are feeding our oxen, used for farming purposes." Wesley Marvin Bagby, following the paper trail of the Comintern agents, while acknowledging that "the number of the American troops in China rose from 1,255 at the end of 1942, to 60,369 by August 1945...and that...carnivorous Americans decimated water buffalo, the principal nonhuman energy input into Chinese farming," did not appreciate a thing about China's contribution to the war efforts. The War Department then "had second and softer thoughts", and it appeared that Stimson came up with "a temporary working compromise on war costs and the exchange rate" in a memo sent to Roosevelt on May 26th, 1944, that "did little to ease the [Sino-American] tension during the spring of 1944--while the second campaign in Burma was being fought".
     
    For the year 1945 to the V-J Day: US$642 million.
    (This is on basis of Utley's citation of the U.S. number of approximately $870,000,000 up to V-J Day, deducted by Young's numbers of $228 million from 1941 to 1944.)
    For the time period from the V-J Day to the end of February 1946: US$600 million (mostly the transportation costs).
    (This is on basis of Utley's citation of the U.S. number. Out of the above ambiguous post-1944 U.S. numbers, Utley deducted:
    $335.8 million represented by the cost of repatriating the Japanese and accepting their surrender;
    $100 million worth of the "surplus" United States stocks sold to China in 1946, 40 per cent consisting of the quartermaster supplies, and only $3 million consisting of the small-arms and ammunition. As pointed out by Utley, the largest single item in Acheson's total of $797.7 million of military aid was the "services and expenses" amounting to $335.8 million, and listed under the heading of "Postwar Lend-Lease.")
     
    This webmaster's conviction is that China's economic woes of 1942-1945 and 1947-1949, psychologically related, both were related to the American sabotage, i.e., alternatively, by what Hurley called the colonialists and communists inside of the American government. The American aid to wartime China was completely sabotaged by i) the colonialists and ii) the communists inside of the U.S. government. The overwhelming slander against the government of the Republic of China was the consequence of the collusion of the colonialists (i.e., what Roosevelt suspected to be a house of the British hands in the State Department) and the communists (i.e., the undercover Comintern agents) inside of the U.S. government. The unchanging theme of bad-mouthing the R.O.C and eulogizing the Chinese Communists since the 1940s, however, had to do with the underlying logic behind "The China Exception: Russian Communism being wicked, the Chinese are good communists", which is an inherent fear of the Yellow Peril, i.e., the one billion Chinese would actually enjoy real democracy, go to college and develop their intelligence. A communist China, that suppresses its very own people, hence serves the purpose of nipping the Yellow Peril.
     
    Before President Roosevelt, there was President Wilson's China policy, which this webmaster referred to as the 100-year American hypocrisy. It was pivoted from the hypocritical nature of America's Open Door Policy for China, which was originally an idea sold to the Americans by the British career customs officer working in Manchu China's customs office. During WWI, President Wilson, who was in the shoes and mindset of the British colonialists, believed that the U.S. had to keep China intact for securing the fate of the white civilization, while during WWII, the British impressed the Americans with the inverse of the former doctrine to state that a victorious Republic of China, which was to emerge from WWII, would pose a threat to the white civilization. The reason that China should remain open to all powers, in the opinion of U.S. president Thomas Woodrow Wilson, was that the 'white civilization' and its domination in the world rested largely on the ability to keep China intact, in the sense that should China fall completely under the Japanese [or the Tsarist Russian or someone else's] influence, then the massive Chinese manpower could be utilized like by Genghis Khan to conquer the world. This was the theme of the Yellow Peril, which was inverse to what the British ambassador claimed to Albert Wedemeyer during WWII that a strong and unified China would pose a threat to the White men’s position in the Far East and immediately throughout the world. So to say that the nation of China should be managed delicately, that is, should not be allowed to grow too powerful to pose a threat to the white civilization, nor should it be allowed to be hijacked by a non-U.S. power since China's immense human labor could be turned against the [Anglo-American{-Jewish}] white civilization. (Do not forget that the British, who damaged China enormously through the two opium wars of the 19th century, forged twenty years of military alliance with Japan, that built the warships and warplanes used for invading China --knowing that the Republic of China, the beacon tower, represented the last bastion against the imperialists and colonialists. More available at "Changing Alliances On International Arena", "Century-long American hypocrisy towards China", "Anglo-American & Jewish romance with Japanese", "American's Unpositive Neutrality in the Sino-Japanese War", "Joe Stilwell's Authorization To Assassinate Chiang Kai-shek", and "What Foreign Powers Did To The Flowery Republic Prior To, During And After The 1911 Revolution".)
    Hoover letting loose the Japanese
    The American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, the IPR Conspiracy, the Dixie Mission, the Stilwell Incident, the OSS Scheme, the Coalition Government Crap, the Amerasia Case, & The China White Paper [Modified : Monday, 25-Feb-2013 22:00:00 EST]
     
    There are many kinds of Americans, like those sharing the British colonial sentiments, like those who were Soviet spies, like those who unconsciously worked as the communist fellow travelers, and like those [Kerr] who despised Chiang Kai-shek's background and personality. There are last two categories, i.e., missionary Americans and true sympathizers for the Chinese cause, including Chennault who was shouldered to the airport by the Chinese in a jeep, and John Birch who devoted his life to the missionary duty in China. [http://www.thenewamerican.com/tna/2000/04-24-2000/vo16no09_birch.htm] We Chinese need to discern the truth and know who are our friends and who are not. We need to bear the lesson from true and real history, not to be misled by the perjured or fake history. Till we fully appreciate the help of good-hearted and sympathetic Americans such as Anson Burlingame, Paul Samuel Reinsch, Patrick Jay Hurley, Claire Lee Chennault, Milton Miles and Albert Wedemeyer, Arthur Young, and John Birch, and build the ever-lasting and eternal monuments in remembrance of them, there would not be another American who would follow their footsteps. Note that Reinsch, after leaving the minister-to-China's post, continued to work on behalf of China and died of illness while working for China. The Chinese should forever pay respect to Reinsch and his descendants. (A good Hollywood movie could be shot in regards to Birch's behind-the-enemy-line work along the Southeast China coast, along the Yangtze, along the Peking-Hankow Railway, and along the Yellow River flood line. Another movie could be made for the behind-the-enemy-line collaboration efforts by Milton Miles and Dai Li. Both Chennault's 14th Flight Group intelligence operations and Miles' navy intelligence operations were hijacked by the Soviet-agents-controlled O.S.S.)

     
    Videos about China's Resistance War: China's Dunkirk Retreat (in English); 42 Video Series (in Chinese)
    Stilwell, the slimy who itched "to throw down ... shovel and get over there and shoulder a rifle with Chu Teh" [i.e., the communist commander-in-chief], before his kickout from China, paid a visit to Mme. Sun Yat-sen, the No. 1 Comintern agent in China. George Marshall quit his job twice, J.I.T (just in time), in anticipation of some pre-arranged phonecalls from Truman to tack on the jobs as 1) first the mediator in the Chinese civil war and ii) secondly as defense minister [by kicking out defense minister Johnson] during the Korean War, respectively. George Marshall returned Zhou Enlai's address book to Zhou Enlai, while never alerting Chiang Kai-shek of communist spies like Xiong Xianghui. While Currie stopped the German weapons of the European battlefield from shipping to China and Truman dumped China's Lend-Lease weapons to the Indian Ocean, Dean Acheson and George Marshall personally pushed for the 1946-47 arms embargo against China and imposed three ceasefire onto the Chinese government, on Jan-10-1946, June-6-1946, & Nov-8-1946. Marshall deliberately flew back to China in the spring of 1946 to stop the Chinese Nationalist troops from chasing the disarrayed communists north of the Sungari River. This is how CHINA WAS LOST.
    At this moment, the commies had rallied henchmen against Mr. Xin Haonian's book Which Is New China by repeatedly citing the writings of John Fairbank and the sort. This webmaster, though not agreeing with the said book on all accounts, does want to point out that
    John Fairbank and most of the "Old China Hands", being of anti-Chinese-nationalism in nature, were the "fellow travelers" of the communists and British colonialists since the OSS/CIA days of the 1940s-50s. The best argument against the Chi-com would lie in the continuing exposition of i) the Russian/Comintern conspiracies against China, and ii) the century-long American hypocrisy towards China & American manipulation of Chinese politics [e.g., Stilwell's instigating General Bai Chongxi, Stuart's instigating Li Zongren, and McArthur's instigating General Sun Liren].
    The Wuhan Gang, including Joseph Stilwell, Agnes Smedley, Evans Carlson, Frank Dorn, Jack Belden, S.T. Steele, John Davies, David Barrett and more, were the core of the Americans who were to influence the American decision-making on behalf of the Chinese communists. 
It was not something that could be easily explained by Hurley's accusation in late 1945 that the American government had been hijacked by 
i) the imperialists (i.e., the British colonialists whom Roosevelt always suspected to have hijacked the U.S. State Department)  
and ii) the communists. At play was not a single-thread Russian or Comintern conspiracy against the Republic of China but an additional channel 
that was delicately knit by the sophisticated Chinese communist saboteurs to employ the above-mentioned Americans for their cause
    The Wuhan Gang & The Chungking Gang, including Joseph Stilwell, Agnes Smedley, Evans Carlson, Frank Dorn, Jack Belden, S.T. Steele, John Davies, David Barrett and more, were the core of the Americans who were to influence the American decision-making on behalf of the Chinese communists. It was not something that could be easily explained by Hurley's accusation in late 1945 that American government had been hijacked by i) the imperialists (i.e., the British colonialists whom Roosevelt always suspected to have hijacked the U.S. State Department) and ii) the communists. At play was not a single-thread Russian or Comintern conspiracy against the Republic of China but an additional channel that was delicately knit by the sophisticated Chinese communist "agrarian reformers".
    The Chinese communist agents on international arena would include Chen Hansheng [i.e., Owen lattimore's assistant]; Mme Sun Yat-sen [who acted as the intermediary between the domestic and international communists]; Wu Kejian & Xie Weijing who orchestrated the Chinese communist relief to the Spanish Civil War; and Wang Bingnan whose German wife "physically" won over the hearts of the above-mentioned Americans by providing the wartime 'bachelors' with special one-on-one service. Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai.
    After 60 years, the crap about corruption of the Chiang Kai-shek's regime was so deeply rooted in the American academics that even the publication of the VENONA scripts would not make someone to rethink. Some American senator talked about McCarthyism, while McCarthy had been proven to be right in 99% of the cases he prosecuted. Some other U.S. senator talked about "gung ho" recently, while not knowing what "Gung ho" was meant for. Let's be clear here: "gung ho" was not Evans Carlson's marine commando team in the Pacific Islands but a Comintern scheme to launder money to Yenan, totaling 20 million USD at minimum from Chen Hansheng's operations with the U.S. communist front organizations 1939 to 1941 plus more afterward, as well as a CCP underground tunnel (to use the same word as the American Black slaves' escape route to the north prior to the north-south war), on which road the CCP agents freely travelled around FREE CHINA by riding on the "gung ho" trucks; more, in Jiangxi, the anti-Japanese war base as well as the former Red Army enclave, the "gung ho" gangs were secretly training the cooperative workers to be anti-government insurgents to echo the raging civil wars that were going on along the Yangtze and in North China, which saw the communist Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army slaughtering hundreds of thousands of village elderlies, county magistrates, government guerrilla forces, and patriotic gentry-organized forces.
     
    Now all this was done prior to the Pacific War. But due to Stalin's demand for maintaining the CCP-KMT collaboration scheme, Mao and the communists dared not publicly talked about civil wars. Should they secretly take out the government guerrillas, they would make sure that no messenger would live to escape from the communist territory to tell the truth. Zhao Tong, and 200+ guerrillas, including his sister and dozens of female fighters, were run down by the communist cavalry, and killed to the last person while travelling towards Jehol. Who was Zhao Tong? He was the son of double-gun Mme Zhao, whom the same Wuhan and Chungking gangs, Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby's predecessors, had interviewed and talked about in the media both in China and over the world, a war hero fighting Japanese in Jehol since 1932-1933, and a Youth party member and later a statist member. (Note that the Jehol area used to be the guerrilla army under Youth Party leader Zhao Tong who fought against the Japanese since 1931-1932. To prevent Zhao Tong's Jehol Vanguard Army, about 200-300 men and women, from returning to Jehol from Chungking, the communist armies, with advance information from communist leader Zhou Enlai who superficially participated in the farewell ceremony for the march of the vanguard army in Chungking, pooled resources all over the military districts including Heh Long's communist army from northwestern Shanxi and Suiyuan area, and ambushed and eliminated the vanguard army in the tri-provincial area of Shanxi-Henan-Hebei around the turn of 1939-1940. The communists, in the Chahar-Suiyuan area and around Mt. Daqingshan [the great green mountain], had conducted similar horrifying campaign against the patriotic guerrilla forces, including the fire attack that killed a 90-year-old former Northeastern Cavalry Army corps commander and his guerrilla army, and furthermore attacked and eliminated KMT party operator Chen Jianzhong's party-directly-controlled guerrilla forces and all couriers who were sent through the communist-controlled territories of Shanxi-Shenxi, with Chen Jianzhong being the sole survivor to return to Chungking in disguise.)
     
    After the Pearl Harbor, Stalin no longer cared about China's role in WWII. So the order changed, which was to say that Comintern agents had the free hand to bad-mouth China, with no penalty as imposed before the Dec 1941 Japanese attack at the Pearl Harbor. Hence you see Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby, and the gangs, writing the venomous articles against China. Theodore White was one of the top 3-4 playboys in wartime Chungking, and like John Fairbank, enjoyed "stalking" communist mouthpiece Gong Peng, the little black widow and Zhou Enlai's secretary, on the streets of Chungking. And you have Martens, the German communist, who provided one-on-one sexual service to those wartime American bachelors. I read through the craps by Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby just to find out who those guys cohorted with, and how they went around Free China, etc. My findings are the Theodore White gang always lived near the whorehouses, or one storey above the whorehouse, and this guy Theodore White at one time had a rendezvous with some Chinese general's concubine in a vacated hotel while the Japanese planes were dropping bombs over the whole city and people were fleeing to the bunkers. And another gang member was notorious in using the Hostel, a place the KMT government subsidized the international press rascals with a maximum cost of $1 and $3 for meals and lodging daily, as a daily party room to have fun with Chinese women. What you had were passages after passages of writings about the gang's whoring, and that's probably why Miles said he had thousands of pages of details on the gangs' antics and all those materials were locked up in the U.S. Navy's underground confidential room. From Rand's book, you could tell how those guys flew back and forth, between the U.S. and China, had liaison with the Comintern and CPUSA/CCP agents, like Yang Gang and Yang Zao pseudo brother and sister, even inviting the CCP "guest" to their home in New England; and of course the gang was responsible for hiring the CCP agents as translators and interpreters to work on the OSS watch and listen posts along the southeastern Chinese coastline. What a deal. (For example, Larry Wu-tai Chin, i.e., the top CCP mole inside of the U.S. and the CIA since the 1940s, first worked for the American OWI in Fuzhou (i.e., John King Fairbanks' CPUSA-dominated Office of War Information) in 1944, infiltrated into the American consulate in Shanghai in 1949, relocated to Hongkong in 1950, worked as translator in the Korea POW camps in 1951, entered the CIA in Okinawa in 1952 and relocated to the CIA office in Santa Rosa, California in 1961.)
     
    Now, more to that. Almost all gang members were reaping profit by smuggling and selling scarce commodities, utilizing the black market rate of 1 USD to 120 CNC. The gangs made a killing and reaped huge profits, smuggling lipsticks for the sing-song women of Guilin, who were known to be Japanese spies. Some gang members purportedly had a "platonic" love club, with one CCP agent joining the drunkards' club to talk about love. While Theodore White and Annalee Jacoby returned to the U.S. to write a best-seller, arguing among themselves about who should put the name on the book and who should take the credit, the other gang members thought about having some fun in the outpost China and flew to the Chinese Turkistan to bad-mouth China which was defending itself against years of harassment wars conducted by Eastern Turkistan rebels and instigated by Stalin after China kicked out the Russians by taking advantage of the German invasion of the Soviet Union. (The creeps were not merely fooling around with the women. They were engaged in the commercial smuggling of China's antiques. Most notable would be the 1942 Zidan-ku Bo-shu (i.e., the Chu[-di] Silk Manuscript from the bullet weapons depot. The Zidan-ku Bo-shu silk manuscript, which was dug out by the tomb raiders who took advantage of the city wall defense work in-between the Changsha campaigns, was smuggled to the United States by John Hadley Cox of the Yali Middle School (part of the Yale-in-China school system) and his OSS accomplice Frederic D. Schultheis, at a 10% deposit money to collector Cai Jixiang. This piece of artwork, which was against the late will of the last collector to return to China, is now with the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, part of affiliation with the Smithsonian Institution's national museums of Asian art. This webmaster, to pour some cold water onto the Arthur M. Sackler museum as to the Chu[-di] Silk Manuscript's value, wants to emphasize the meaning of the 'di' [land] suffix to point out that this piece of artwork was a Han dynasty product that was excavated from the former Chu Principality's land, not an actual Eastern Zhou dynasty product. Read this webmaster's writing on Pre-History, Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties for the intricacy about the stages of Sinitic cosmological, astronomical, astrological and geographical development. The Sinitic Civilization - Book I is on Barnes & Noble, Amazon, Google Play|Books and Nook Book. Book II is available now on Amazon and Barnes & Noble. Refer to Table of Contents - Book I (Index) and Table of Contents - Book II (Index) for details.)
     
    Like to ask you spend some time on E.J. Khan, Peter Rand and Theodore White's books, and see how those creeps joined hands with the Comintern and CCP agents to sabotage China, and made China what it is today, i.e., billion coolies and slaves working to death for the multi-national corporations and international banksters. And of course read Dorn's book to know Marshall and Stilwell's scheme to assassinate Chiang Kai-shek.
     
    The American Involvement in China: the Soviet Operation Snow, the IPR Conspiracy, the Dixie Mission, the Stilwell Incident, the OSS Scheme, the Coalition Government Crap, the Amerasia Case, & The China White Paper [Modified : Monday, 25-Feb-2013 22:00:00 EST]

    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.

     
    Every righteous Chinese will be indignant about what he is to discover next !!!!!!!!!
     

    America, i.e., the United States, was and is still shortsighted today, not knowing that Korea, at one time paradise of the American Evangelicals, was delivered into the hands of the Japanese imperialists as a result of the Anglo-American confrontation against Czar Russia, and in this geopolitical process, China, the land of the Great Sinitic Civilization (Barnes & Noble, Amazon, Google Play|Books and Nook Book), was made into a piggy-backed sacrificial/funereal object --the land ruled by the most evil cult called 'communism' that was an 'import' or an 'export' of Soviet Russia. America would not learn the lesson that the geopolitical actions it is taking today would yield the 'bad fruit' 50 years or 100 years down the road. America, and their British cousins, must have forgot the twenty-year Anglo-Japanese military alliance that allowed Japan to develop the warplanes and aircraft carriers to invade mainland China, not to mention the post-WWI ten-year arms embargo against Republic China and George Marshall's post-WWII arms embargo against Republic China 1946-1948. They forgot that in 1931, President Herbert Hoover gave Japan a free hand in the invasion of Manchuria on the pretext that Japan could not tolerate a half-Bolshevik China.
    TPresident Herbert Hoover gave Japan a free hand in the invasion of Manchuria on the pretext that Japan could not tolerate a half-Bolshevik China
    Earlier, in the 1920s, President Hoover, who personally nipped the post-WWI communist uprisings in Germany and Hungary with the grains embargo, fed Lenin the ingenuity, i.e., the [worldwide communist revolution] road to Paris lay through Peking. They of course forgot that after the eruption of the 1937 Sino-Japanese War, the Americans, biased towards Japan and against China, adopted a policy of "neutrality" (what Utley called by "unpositive neutrality") against the 'belligerent' countries, namely, Japan and China, which was free and unrestrained arms sale to Japan and de facto arms embargo against China. Note that the Japanese navy had a full blockade of China's coastline. Note that the blockade would choke China since China did not have an industrial base to produce the basic weapons while Japan's factories could roll out the warships and airplanes on a wholesale scale. Also note that in contrast with the Americans, the European powers, being constrained by the mediation role of the League of Nations, dared not openly sell arms to Japan. Through 1940-1941, prior to the U.S. revocation of the 1911 U.S.-Japan Commerce Treaty, the Americans were the biggest supplier of raw material, oil, aviation oil, and weapons, to the extent that some U.S. senator called by Scott making a claim that out of every one million Chinese killed by the Japanese, 544,000 Chinese were killed by the Americans. Thirty-one U.S. congressional members made a joint declaration to the effect that the U.S., not NAZI Germany, nor Italy, was the best ally of Japan.
    The destiny of Russian tyranny, ... was to expand into Asia - and eventually to break in two, there, upon its own conquests.
    America, the 'stars' that engendered or heralded the rise of the [Japan] 'sun', long ago had the blueprint to make Japan into a stalwart against China the source of the Yellow Peril and Russia the source of the Half-Tartars, respectively, --whom the Americans could not assimilate according to George Kennan. William Christian Bullitt Jr. (1891-1967) disclosed that the Americans' national policy or strategic aim was to see the Russians and Japanese' holding a balance of power against each other in China rather than seeing either the Russians or the Japanese overpowering the other party in taking control of China. In making this geopolitical decision, you have victimized the 1 billion humble Chinese peasants. (Note President Wilson's doctrine that the intactness of China was vital to the white civilization -- in the sense that the nation of China should be managed delicately, that is, should not be allowed to grow too powerful to pose a threat to the white civilization, nor should it be allowed to be hijacked by a non-U.S. power since China's immense human labor could be turned against the white civilization. The theme of China to the white civilization, morphing superficially into a ***hypocritical*** American national policy of engagement with Communist China for changing the Chinese communists' behavior, rested on the same underlying logic: "The China Exception: Russian Communism being wicked, the Chinese are good communists", which is an inherent fear of the Yellow Peril, i.e., billion Chinese would actually enjoy real democracy, go to college and develop their intelligence. Now, President Biden, a stooge of Communist China, explicitly abandoned the hypocritical American policy of engagement to change communist China to his imbecilic communist buddy and dictator Xi Jinping. Other than the stooge Bidens who ripped communist China's financial coffer (Tony Bobulinski FULL INTERVIEW Tucker Carlson), don't forget that President Roosevelt boasted of his family's ripping the China trade money in the 19th century, i.e., the opium trade; and President Hoover certainly got the first bin of gold from the Kai-luan coal mine in collusion with the British during the 1900-1901 boxers' incident-related invasion.)

    A dictator whose daughter is in America, whose brother and sisters are naturalized citizens of Australia and Canada; a dictator who forgets monster Mao tse-tung persecuted his father; and a dictator who wants to live to 150 years old, serve the people and rip their body parts (中共全國文聯原黨組書記、副主席、原文化部副部長高占祥 (?-2022年12月9日)在北京病逝,終年87歲。中共全國政協常委、中國民主促進會中央委員會副主席朱永新,在12月11日的悼文中說,高占祥「身上的臟器換了好多,他戲稱許多零件都不是自己的了。」) Now you, as the midwife who delivered China into the communist hands, are morally obligated to take China [and North Korea {and Vietnam}] out of communism. This time, you may feel your hands forced as North Korea, with its nuclear weapons, could become Communist China's cecal appendix in a repeat of history. (The Chicoms don't understand the urgency of Trump's trade war having the roots in nuclear North Korea, nor the domino effect on North Korea and Russia after the knock-out of communist China. Putin thought he would reap profits by sitting on the fence of the U.S.-China trade war, i.e., the Zheltorossiya dream - revitalized by Aleksandr Gelyevich Dugin [, and India would not be satisfied with grabbing South Tibet, Bhutan and Sikkim alone]. Previously, this webmaster thought that the Americans could be hoodwinked by the Chicoms who might just sign any agreement just for sake of getting a red carpet at the White House in lieu of a visit to Mar-a-Lago. With Trump's war with Communist China flaring up, this webmaster believed that China's dictator would continue to commit blunders and became the tomb digger for the Chinese communist regime. The thuggery communists, who would not allow the millions of the Hongkong people to have autonomy, could have caused the demise of the regime over the inevitable crackdown, not knowing that the communist ascension to power had its very roots in Churchill's collusion with Roosevelt in selling out the Republic of China for sake of retaining crown jewel Hongkong after hoodwinking Wellington Koo and Chiang Kai-shek that Britain would return Hongkong to China after Japan was to surrender so as not to damage the British wartime morale. --What happened was that Putin first jumped off the fence ahead of communist China in launching an invasion of Ukraine.)

    President Trump understood the China situation and the China problem. Should the American politicians follow the footsteps of Anson Burlingame (1820-1870), Paul Samuel Reinsch (1869-1923) and Patrick Jay Hurley (1883-1963), i.e., three most prominent U.S. statemen who loved China and the Chinese people, then the Chinese people could have a chance of salvation from the communist tyranny. Note the historic recurrence and the repetition of similar events: Anson Burlingame, in opposition to the anti-Chinese discriminatory whirlwinds rampant in the U.S. in the 19th century, authored the Burlingame Treaty for China and died for China in 1870 in St. Petersburg while still on the Manchu China's mission to the U.S. and Europe; Paul Samuel Reinsch, who was disillusioned by President Wilson's betrayal of China over the division of WWI spoils at the Paris Peace Conference, quit the minister-to-China job to work for China and died for China in Shanghai in 1923; and Patrick Jay Hurley, who convinced President Roosevelt of the American moral blunders in selling out the Republic of China at Tehran and Yalta, personally travelled to Moscow and London for sake of averting and reverting China's fate of becoming a victim of WWII war spoils (i.e., the loss of Port Arthur and Hong Kong, etc.), but failed to make remedy to the secret Tehran and Yalta agreements in the aftermath of President Roosevelt's death in April 1945.
    For better understanding the head-on collision between the United States and Communuist China, refer to the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of the Japanese firepower during WWII, that derived from the American unpositive neutrality; the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of communist army's firepower during the 1945-1950 civil war, that derived from American-supplied Soviet August Storm weapons; and the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through Joseph Stalin, Kim Il Sung and Mao Tse-ting's hands during the 1950-1953 Korean War.
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up !
    An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction ! An imbecilic dictator leading China on a path of destruction !
    Donald Trump reveals he called Xi Jinping 'king'; Dreams of a Red Emperor: The relentless rise of Xi Jinping; Emperor Xi Meets Donald Trump Thought; Trump Praises Xi as China's 'President for Life' -- an imbecil leading China on a path of destruction !
    More, refer to the Communist Platonic Club at wartime capital Chungking and The American Involvement in China: the Soviet Operation Snow, the I.P.R. Conspiracy, the Dixie Mission, the Stilwell Incident, the O.S.S. Scheme, the Coalition Government Crap, the Amerasia Case, & The China White Paper.

     
    The China Story by Freda Utley
     
     Chapter 2, Too Little, Too Late --
     The Facts About "Aid to China"
     
     
     
     ****
     
     
    Summaries from
    The China Story by Freda Utley
    Chapter 2, Too Little, Too Late --
     
     
    1) Following Japan's surrender, shipments of Lend-Lease supplies to China from India were stopped, and large quantities of munitions and equipment intended for China were destroyed, or thrown into the sea. Smaller caliber ammunition was blown up, and 120,000 tons of larger caliber dumped into the Indian Ocean.2/ This "Operation Destruction" cost the lives of twenty-five Americans and one hundred and twenty-five Indians. Yet, these destroyed munitions are to be found included in the total of "pre-V-J Day Lend-Lease" charged to China's account.
     
    2) The standard Chinese Nationalist rifle ammunition was the same as the German 7.92 mm. Had the Administration desired to help create a "strong, independent and friendly China," ample ammunition could therefore have been supplied at no cost to the National Government after Germany's defeat. The supply of German light arms and ammunition to China was urgently recommended by General Wedemeyer following V-E Day, and shipment was approved by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. A first consignment of twenty thousand rifles had actually left a German port for China, but was stopped en route by an order signed by Lauchlin Currie on White House stationery, forbidding any such aid to China. Ultimately a part of what could so easily have been given to China ended up in Russian hands in East Germany, and the rest was destroyed.
     
    3) Lend-lease assistance was extended to China to assist her in fighting the Japanese, and later to fulfill our promise to assist in re-occupying the country from the Japanese. Assistance took the form of goods and equipment and of services. Almost half the total made available to China consisted of services, such as those involved in air and water transportation of troops. According to the latest figures reported, lend-lease assistance to China up to V-J Day totaled approximately $870,000,000. From V-J Day to the end of February [1946], shortly after General Marshall's arrival, the total was approximately $600,000,000 -- mostly its transportation costs.
     
    Thus, in our analysis of the actual military aid given to China after Japan's defeat, we must first deduct the $335.8 million represented by the cost of repatriating the Japanese and accepting their surrender. This leaves us with a total of $461.9 million of postwar military aid to China. This figure must be further reduced by eliminating the non-military "surplus war stocks" sold to China in 1946, which Mr. Acheson also includes in his total of "military aid." For as noted in the previous chapter reviewing General Marshall's mission to China, President Truman, in the summer of 1946, expressly prohibited any further acquisition by China of arms or ammunition which could be used to fight the Communists. So the "surplus" United States war stocks sold to China in 1946 included little of any military value to the National Government. Out of the total of $100 million worth of "surplus" United States stocks sold to China in 1946, 40 per cent consisted of quartermaster supplies, and only $3 million consisted of the small-arms and ammunition required in the war against the Communists.
     
    It is true that some armaments, such as large-caliber artillery pieces, were included, but these were not of a kind, as I shall show later, which could be used in fighting the Communists. The same can be said of such items as the half-million gas masks, priced at $8 apiece--total $4,000,000--which the Chinese Government presumably bought for the value of the rubber to the civilian economy.
     
    Elimination of both the "services" charges and of the $100 million or so of United States non-military "war surplus" stocks sold to China in 1946 reduces the total of postwar "military aid" to China to about $360 million. This total is disputed by the Chinese National Government. According to its calculations, China received $110 million worth of "effective military aid" prior to the 1948 China Aid Act, which, together with the $125 million allocated by that Act, brought the total to $225 million. Whichever figure is correct, the total sum is far less than the "billions" which are popularly assumed to have been squandered to no purpose.
     
    4) In a letter to Senator Connally on March 15, 1949, Mr. Aches stated more explicitly that United States aid to China since V-J Day totaled "over $2 billion." He wrote:
     
    "Despite the present aid program authorized by the last Congress, together with the very substantial other aid extended by the United States to China since V-J Day, aggregating over $2 billion, the economic and military position of the Chinese Government has deteriorated to the point where the Chinese Communists hold almost all important areas of China from Manchuria to the Yangtze River and have the military ability . . . of eventually dominating South China. . . . The Chinese Government forces have lost no battles during the past year because of lack of ammunition and equipment, while the Chinese Communists have captured the major portion of military supplies, exclusive of ammunition, furnished the Chinese Government by the United States since V-J Day. There is no evidence that the furnishing of additional military materiel would alter the pattern of current developments in China (italics added)."
     
    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.

     
    Let us first break down that $2 billion total into its component parts, with a view to ascertaining the actual amounts of military aid given the National Government of China to resist Communist aggression.
     
    According to the figures given on pages 1043-44 of The China White Paper, Mr. Acheson's over-all figure of $2 billion of postwar aid to China includes a total of $799 million of "economic aid," and $797.7 million of "military aid," which together add up to something over $1.5 billion. The balance of the $2 billion is not itemized, but presumably includes the United States' share of UNRRA aid, which is calculated to have amounted to $474 million.
     
    The largest single item in Mr. Acheson's total of $797.7 million of military aid is "services and expenses" amounting to $335.8 million, and listed under the heading "Postwar Lend-Lease." The "services" referred to consisted of the cost of repatriating the million or more Japanese soldiers in China, and of transporting the Chinese Nationalist forces to accept the surrender of the Japanese Army in the liberated territories. According to President Truman, these "services" cannot properly be regarded as "postwar" Lend-Lease, but must be included under the heading of World War II expenditures.
     
    5) Before proceeding to an account of the 1948 China Aid Act, it is necessary to examine the consequences of General Marshall's 1946-47 embargo on the shipment of arms or ammunition to China, and President Truman's insistence that no help should be given to the anti-Communist forces in the so-called "civil war."
     
    Colonel L. B. Moody, a United States Army Ordinance Corps officer, now retired, who served with the Donald Nelson mission to China, has made an intensive and detailed study of aid to China. In a speech in Washington on April 11, 1950, he said that in China ..."the massive support of artillery, tanks, motor transport and aircraft to which western armies are accustomed is practically non-existent. The side which has the predominating infantry weapons, and especially the ammunition therefore, holds all the aces...It is obvious that "military aid" means to the Chinese infantry weapons and ammunition above all else, and it is precisely these items which the United States action has consistently denied, delayed or limited. Only passing reference will be made to the billions of moldy cigarettes, blown-up guns, junk bombs, and disabled vehicles from the Pacific Islands, which have been totaled up with other real or alleged "aid" in various State Department, Communist, and leftist statements to create the impression that we have furnished the Nationalist Government with hundreds of millions, or even billions, of dollars' worth of useful fighting equipment..."
     
    From the start of Japanese aggression to this evening the prime need of the Nationalist Armies has been, in the language of Joe Stilwell, "Bullets, D**n it, just bullets."
     
    6) Colonel Moody also drew attention to the fact that the Chinese Communist admissions concerning their own casualties disproved the popular assumption that the Nationalist forces lost because of poor morale. For the Chinese Communist command reported that in the three years of civil war from July 1946 to July 1949, the number of their killed and wounded was 1,233,600. This is greater than the total of American casualties in World War II.
     
    7) General Marshall's embargo on the sale of American arms and ammunition to the Nationalist forces in China was not lifted until July 1947, when the State Department allowed the Chinese Government to purchase some three weeks' supply of 7.92 mm. ammunition -- 130 million rounds. Chiang Kai-shek had been endeavoring, for a year, to get permission from the State Department to be allowed to acquire this ammunition, which could not be sold to anyone else because it had been made during World War II according to Chinese specifications.
     
    One other small boon was vouchsafed to the Nationalists in 1947. The Marines and the Navy, when ordered to leave China, gave them a six days' supply for their .30 caliber weapons.
     
    Colonel Moody calculates that in December 1947 at the normal rate of use, the total of ammunition in possession of the Nationalists was sufficient for only twenty-two days in the case of the Chinese 7.92 mm. weapons; and for thirty-six days in the case of the Chinese 7.92 mm. weapons; and for thirty-six days in the case of their .30 caliber-U.S.--guns.
     
    8) The White Paper emphasizes the aid that was supplied to China early in 1948 by permitting the National Government to buy, at bargain prices, the stores which had been rotting on Pacific Islands. But it does not mention the fact that the "surplus" ammunition made available to China in January 1948 consisted mainly of types useless to the Chinese Nationalist forces. Colonel Moody’s detailed analysis shows that of the total offered only 3 per cent was of the required groundforce types, and only 2 per cent of useful air-force types, and not all of this was serviceable.
     
    Only 52,500 cartridges of the .30 caliber they required for their American rifles and machine guns were to be found, accounting for one-fortieth of one per cent of the total supplies made available to them. Certain other types of small-arms ammunition they could use brought the total tonnage to sixty-three tons, less than two-thirds of one per cent of the total shipped. This was at a time when the anti-Communist forces in China were going into battle with barely enough ammunition to fill their cartridge belts.
     
    The Chinese contracted from their own funds for the 10,000 tons of ammunition that was made available to them at bargain prices early in 1948, because although little of it consisted of what they required, they hoped to make future use of it. For instance, they bought a stock of large-caliber shells in order to extract the explosive for mining and industrial operations, or to use in Chinese arsenals for loading the ammunition they made for themselves. But by making these purchases they enabled the State Department to claim that large supplies of munitions had been made available to fight the Communists, which was not so.
     
    In the period December 1947 to November 1948 (when munitions voted in April 1948 in the China Aid Act began to arrive) the total of "surplus" United States ammunition sold to the Chinese provided only a month’s supply for the weapons they had and could use. Chinese production could provide only 7 to 8 per cent of requirements. Colonel Moody therefore calculates that the total of Chinese-produced and American rifle and machine-gun ammunition produced or acquired in 1948 amounted to only some sixty-three days’ supply in active operations.
     
    9) A couple of months later the Chinese delegate to the United Nations, Dr. T. F. Tsiang, appealed to Secretary of State Marshall in Paris. He asked if anything would induce the United States to help China. He offered to put United States officers in actual command of Chinese troops "under the pretense of acting as advisers." He begged for munitions. And, finally, he asked General Marshall "as to the advisability of Chinese appeal to the United Nations because of Soviet training and equipping of Japanese military and also the Koreans."
     
    10) In the fall of 1948, William C. Bullitt, on his return from a visit to China, reported that "the so-called mission sent to aid Chiang" had been instructed "not to advise him" with regard to the operation of his forces.
     
    The former Ambassador and confidant of Franklin D. Roosevelt further stated that "nearly half of the 1500-man military "mission" was composed of fellow travelers and Communist sympathizers."
     
    11) In his report General Barr provides an answer to the charge so assiduously propagated that the Nationalist forces allowed their equipment to be captured by the Communists. In China, ages of lean living developed a capacity to make use in some way or another of what others would regard as refuse; thus the Chinese have acquired what General Barr calls an "inherent" inability to destroy anything of value. General Barr describes their failure to destroy equipment when forced to surrender or retreat as due to this characteristic. It should also be noted here that Mr. Acheson himself in his letter to Senator Connally quoted at the beginning of this chapter admits that ammunition was not captured by the Communists from the National forces. This evidence suggests that the latter surrendered because they ran out of ammunition.
     
    12) Let us now resume our account of the record of "aid to China."
     
    General Marshall’s embargo on shipment of aid to the anti-Communist forces was, as we have already seen, lifted in the summer of 1947. The small quantity of munitions which China was then allowed to buy was considered by the Chinese Government as the only effective aid against the Communists which America had permitted them to obtain since General Marshall went to China.
     
    Finally, in 1948, the Administration, as a result of the Republican control of the House of Representatives in the 80th Congress, was compelled to include a grant of $125 million of military aid to China in the China Aid Act, originally presented only as an economic aid program.
     
    But the Chinese Government was nevertheless unable to procure the munitions it so desperately needed until nearly the end of the year.
     
    On April 5, 1948, the Chinese Ambassador in Washington made his first request for implementation of the Act. Two months went by with the Chinese pleading in vain to be allowed to make their wants known and start procuring supplies with the funds appropriated by Congress for this purpose. At last, on June 2, President Truman (who had that same day received a strongly worded letter from Senator Bridges, the Chairman of the "Watch Dog" Committee) wrote to Secretary of State Marshall and to the Treasury advising them of the procedures to be followed in permitting China to make use of the sums appropriated. General Marshall waited over three weeks, until June 28, before so advising the Chinese Ambassador.
     
    Even then the Chinese could not acquire arms and ammunition because the President had authorized only commercial transactions, and the munitions required could be obtained only from Government stocks. Another month passed before the President issued a directive authorizing United States Government departments and agencies to transfer military materiel from their own stocks, or procure it for the Chinese Government. (A year later the State Department was to point with pride to its "initiative" in having arranged the procedures for China to obtain supplies by July 28--nearly four months after the China Aid Act was passed!)
     
    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.

     
    13 ) As Vice Admiral Russell S. Berkey said on May 15, 1950:
     
    The Chinese Reds would still be north of the Great Wall if specific items of arms authorized by Congress two years ago had reached the Nationalist forces in time. For some reason or other it took nine months to get specific items to China. Somewhere in the United States somebody slipped up, bogged down, or was interfered with. It has never been made plain why this material did not arrive in time.
     
    Even at the end of July munitions did not start rolling to China. From the State Department the matter went to the Army Department, which said it could not act, or even specify the prices at which munitions would be sold, until after it had spent several weeks on "availability studies." It was not until late in September that these studies were completed. The Chinese then found that they were to be charged prices five to ten times higher than the thirty-odd other nations permitted to buy United States munitions. This drastic reduction of the total amounts they had expected to obtain under the China Aid Act necessitated the drawing up of new lists. This occasioned another, though only short, delay. The Army Department, however, now informed the Chinese that they could not expect shipment before early 1949.
     
    In October, President Truman (influenced perhaps by the fact that the delay in getting arms to China had become an election campaign issue) issued expediting instructions, and the first substantial shipment of arms to China left Seattle on November 9, 1948. By this time the Communists had conquered the greater part of China.
     
    The President’s October directive was succeeded by more delays. "Availability studies," priorities, export licenses, and so forth, snarled deliveries once again, so that by April 30, 1949--thirteen months after Congress had voted arms aid for China--nearly a quarter of the supplies to be furnished had not yet been shipped.
     
    In addition, the total amount of munitions China was permitted to buy with the $125 million turned out to be only about one-eighth of what had been expected. It had been assumed by Congress and the Chinese Government that the prices charged would be the same as to Greece and Turkey, not to mention the thirty-odd other nations to whom "surplus" munitions were sold at 10 per cent of list price cost. Instead, when at last on August 31, 1948, the Army had progressed far enough in its "availability studies" to give prices on some items of arms and ammunition, the Chinese discovered they would be required to pay more than double published prices, and an average of 50 per cent in excess of current commercial quotations for new manufacturers. There was no possibility of obtaining the arms or ammunition from any private sources. The Army was in fact charging the Chinese a monopoly price.
     
    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.

     
    14) Most of America’s postwar economic aid to China consisted of immediate relief to the homeless and starving. Little was provided to remove the causes of starvation. UNRRA aid, the greater part of which was provided by the United States, consisted mainly of food and clothing. Some undertakings were financed which would have been constructive if the Communists had been prevented from destroying every dam, railway, mine, or industry reconstructed with UNRRA aid. For instance, Communist guerrillas quickly destroyed the Yellow River flood rehabilitation work of UNRRA engineers, constructed at a cost of millions of dollars. They similarly destroyed roads and railways repaired with UNRRA funds. While engaged in this deliberate destruction, they were receiving UNRRA relief supplies. For we insisted that a due proportion of UNRRA aid be furnished to Communist areas.
     
    15) The Communists by this time seemed to have been so well supplied with everything they required that they refused UNRRA relief and medical supplies, rather than allow American personnel to enter their territory. According to a New York Times dispatch from Peiping dated June 21, 1947, Cornelius Bodine, of Philadelphia, the UNRRA director for the Changchun area, was twice refused entry to Communist-controlled areas of Manchuria. The Communists evidently desired to prevent at all costs foreign observers from learning how much help Russia was giving them.
     
    16) According to the Chinese Central News Agency, thirty thousand Japanese "prisoners" and ninety tanks were backing the Communist offensive in Manchuria. Its Mukden correspondent reported early in June that "a special bureau" of "a certain nation" had supplied the Communists with equipment for twenty divisions, and that citizens of that "certain nation"--the usual designation for Russia in the Chinese press--or Japanese were manning the tanks that were spearheading the Communist offensive. The eventuality feared all through the Sino-Japanese War had become a reality; the Communists were fighting together with the Japanese against China under Russia’s orders.
     
    In March 1947, Lieutenant General John R. Hodge, a U.S. commander in Korea, stated that Chinese Communist troops were participating in the training of a Korean army of 500,000 in Russian-held North Korea. The Chinese Central News Agency stated in June that more than 100,000 Russian-trained Koreans plus a cavalry division from Outer Mongolia were in action against the Chinese Nationalist forces.
     
    As General Pai Chung-hsi, the Minister of Defense, stated on May 1, 1947, the government’s military progress had been blocked by the truces and peace talks of the preceding year. "Immediately after the recovery of Kalgan (October 1946)," said the Kwangsi general, who is regarded as China’s foremost strategist, "we could have blasted open the whole Peiping-Hankow Railway, but our actions were deferred by intervals of negotiation. The government has suffered from an irresolute policy."
     
    By June 1947, when prophecies were already being made in the American press that Manchuria would be lost to China, the National Government at last realized that its long silence concerning Russia’s hostile acts had merely emboldened the Soviet Government to increase its aid to the Chinese Communists, and that United States help was unlikely to be forthcoming until the American people were informed of the true facts of the Far Eastern situation.
     
    On June 25, the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a communique detailing for the first time the long record of Soviet obstruction to China’s attainment of her rights under the Sino-Soviet Treaty.
     
    "Sources close to the Generalissimo" were reported by American correspondents to be saying that Chiang Kai-shek and his advisers were framing a new policy calling for a stronger stand against Russian aggression. The policy of silence and appeasement was being abandoned, but the extent to which China would go toward a diplomatic showdown with Russia would depend upon United States support.
     
    General Chen Cheng, the Chinese Chief of Staff, charged on June 24 that at least thirty-one Russian advisers were known to be with the Communist forces fighting at Szepingkai, the important railroad point seventy miles from Mukden.
     
    The Chinese Nationalist commander in besieged Szepingkai said that the Communists had battered the city with 100,000 artillery shells and that Russian-trained Koreans manned the Communist guns.
     
    Following the lifting of the siege by Nationalist forces at the end of June, the Chinese Central News Agency accused Russia of having shipped 56,635 tons of military supplies to the Chinese Communists in June, twelve Soviet ships having unloaded supplies for them at Dairen, while others ran a shuttle service between the Manchurian part and Chefoo, the Shantung port occupied by the Communists.
     
    So in 1946 and in 1947 the Chinese Nationalist commanders found themselves unable to crack the Communist line north to Dairen for fear of encroaching on Russia’s newly established extraterritorial rights on Chinese soil. In the fall of 1946, according to Christopher Rand of the New York Herald Tribune, two Communist regiments had taken refuge at Port Arthur from Nationalist attack, and sheltered there until they emerged in the spring of 1947 to take in the Communists’ greatest offensive.
     
    As Tillman Durdin of the New York Times reported in April 1947, the Communist forces were backed up against the Russian "defense zone" running from Port Arthur in back of Dairen, and the Chinese Government feared the "complications" which would arise if the Communists retreated into Russian-occupied territory.
     
    On July 4, the National Government, after rallying its forces for a successful counter-offensive in Manchuria, announced its abandonment of all hope for a political solution of the Communist problem and denounced the Communists as "armed rebels" who could be dealt with only by force.
     
    Vice President Sun Fo, so long an advocate of Sino-Soviet friendship and collaboration, was reported to be one of the leading advocates of this resolution, which marked the end of China’s "Coue diplomacy" and placed her unequivocally in the world anti-Communist camp.
     
    It was at this juncture that the United States Administration relented sufficiently to permit the Chinese Nationalists to buy 130 million rounds of ammunition in the United States. General Marshall, however, denied on July 2, 1947, that America was not supporting the Nationalist Government against the Communists. It was still the proclaimed policy of the United States to deny aid to China until the civil war ended, which meant in effect until Chiang Kai-shek came to terms with Stalin.
     
    The Chinese were still hoping that the logic of facts would eventually convince America that there was no sense in stalling Soviet aggression in Europe while leaving our back door on the Pacific undefended. They had resisted Japan for years without our help, hoping that eventually we would become their allies. They hoped to be able to continue resisting Russia as long. But there is a limit to human endurance, and hope constantly deferred maketh the heart sick. By 1949 even inveterate enemies of the Communists saw no further possibility of resistance, in the face of United States’ refusal either of aid or moral support. China went down before the overwhelming might of Soviet Russia’s satellite forces, while the "Voice of America" broadcast praise of the Chinese Communists.
     
     
    The China Story by Freda Utley
     
     Chapter 2, Too Little, Too Late --
     The Facts About "Aid to China"
     
    Wu [no] Wang [forgetting] Zai [at] Ju [the Ju fort]
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up !

     
     
    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.

     
    TEN TRAINS EQUIVALENT AMERICAN LEND-LEASE WEAPONS THAT STALIN & RUSSIANS GAVE TO MAO & CHINESE COMMUNISTS;
    FORTY SHIPS EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TANKS & CANNONS, BOTH AMERICAN-MADE & JAPAN-MADE
    3300 TONS OF PETROL FROM RUSSIANS IN 1947 ALONE; PLUS 2000 TONS OF DIESEL, 1000 TONS OF PLANE FUEL, 700 TONS OF EXPLOSIVES & 2000 TONS OF MACHINERY OIL
    30000 TONS OF PETROL FROM RUSSIANS IN 1948; PLUS 1000 TONS OF PLANE FUEL, 5000 TONS OF KEROSINE, 3000 HEAVY WEIGHT TRUCKS & 150 ARTILLERY TRACTORS
    DEATH OF MILLIONS OF YELLOW MEN, & POSSIBLY MORE IN THE FUTURE WAR AGAINST TAIWAN !!!!!
    alt="3300 TONS OF PETROL FROM RUSSIANS IN 1947 ALONE; PLUS 2000 TONS OF DIESEL, 1000 TONS OF PLANE FUEL, 700 TONS OF EXPLOSIVES & 2000 TONS OF MACHINERY OIL" title="3300 TONS OF PETROL FROM RUSSIANS IN 1947 ALONE; PLUS 2000 TONS OF DIESEL, 1000 TONS OF PLANE FUEL, 700 TONS OF EXPLOSIVES & 2000 TONS OF MACHINERY OIL" 30000 TONS OF PETROL FROM RUSSIANS IN 1948; PLUS 1000 TONS OF PLANE FUEL, 5000 TONS OF KEROSINE, 3000 HEAVY WEIGHT TRUCKS & 150 ARTILLERY TRACTORS
    For better understanding the head-on collision between the United States and Communist China, refer to the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of the Japanese firepower during WWII, that derived from the American unpositive neutrality and the U.S.-China fatalistic conjunction through the hands of communist army's firepower during the 1945-1950 civil war, that derived from American-supplied Soviet August Storm weapons.
    Reference: see the writing by James Perloff China Betrayed Into Communism on Friday, 24 July 2009 at
    http://www.thenewamerican.com/index.php/history/world/1464
    August Storm lend-lease weapons ended up in Mao's hands.
    "At the Teheran and Yalta wartime conferences, however, Roosevelt asked Stalin if he would break his pact with Japan and enter the Far East war. Stalin agreed, but attached conditions. He demanded that America completely equip his Far Eastern Army for the expedition, with3,000 tanks, 5,000 planes, plus all the other munitions, food, and fuel required for a 1,250,000-man army. Roosevelt accepted this demand, and 600 shiploads of Lend-Lease material were convoyed to the USSR for the venture. Stalin’s Far Eastern Army swiftly received more than twice [should be ten times] the supplies we gave Chiang Kai-shek during four years as our ally.
    "General Douglas MacArthur protested after discovering that ships designated to supply his Pacific forces were being diverted to Russia. Major General Courtney Whitney wrote: 'One hundred of his transport ships were to be withdrawn immediately, to be used to carry munitions and supplies across the North Pacific to the Soviet forces in Vladivostok.... Later, of course, they were the basis of Soviet military support of North Korea and Red China.'

    TEN TRAINS EQUIVALENT AMERICAN LEND-LEASE WEAPONS THAT STALIN & RUSSIANS GAVE TO MAO & CHINESE COMMUNISTS; FORTY SHIPS EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TANKS & CANNONS, BOTH AMERICAN-MADE & JAPAN-MADE. TEN TRAINS EQUIVALENT AMERICAN LEND-LEASE WEAPONS THAT STALIN & RUSSIANS GAVE TO MAO & CHINESE COMMUNISTS; FORTY SHIPS EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TANKS & CANNONS, BOTH AMERICAN-MADE & JAPAN-MADE. TEN TRAINS EQUIVALENT AMERICAN LEND-LEASE WEAPONS THAT STALIN & RUSSIANS GAVE TO MAO & CHINESE COMMUNISTS; FORTY SHIPS EQUIVALENT QUANTITY OF TANKS & CANNONS, BOTH AMERICAN-MADE & JAPAN-MADE.


    The communists had conquered China owning to the key battle success in Manchuria, which was the result of treacheries on the part of Wei Lihuang, i.e., the government troops' commander-in-chief in Manchuria, a treachery that was comparable to Soong Dynasty prime minister Jia Sidao's abandoning to the Mongol the Xiangyang city [which was under siege for 4-5 years] and Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui's betrayal of the Mountain and Sea Pass to the Manchus.
     
    Wei Lihuang, with the communist mole by his side from the days of the resistance war, overrode General Wang Tiehan's proposal and made the government army into the sitting ducks in the isolated pockets and cities of Manchuria, for the communist army to attack. Namely, Wei Lihuang allowed the communist army to take the transcendental secret manoeuvre to ship thousands of artillery to the foot of the Jinzhou city wall under the assistance of the Soviet railway army corps. General Wang Tiehan suggested that the Changchun garrison troops could break out towards Mukden to the south as intelligence had shown that the communist army had disappeared along the trunk line of Changchun-Jirin-Mukden.
    Only the 52nd Corps, that was hoodwinked by Wei Lihuang into attacking towards Shenyang [i.e., Mukden] as the relief troops but impeded by the communist army halfway for lack of coordination between Wei Lihuang and the communist army, managed to return to wrestle back the Yingkou port to escape the Manchurian battleground via sea. A part of the Youth Army division, which broke out of the Mukden siege, fought its way along the Liao-xi Corridor to arrive at the Mountain and Sea Pass.
     
    We don't need to remind the readers that the communist army was a motley group of mercenaries including about 250,000 ethnic-Korean Japanese Kwantung Army diehards per Kim Il-sun plus the Japanese 8th Route Army (i.e., the Japanese medical staff, airforce staff, officer corps, and tank and artillery operators), the ethnic-Taiwan Japanese Kwantung Army, the Outer Mongolian cavalry army, not counting the Soviet railway army corps. According to the Soviets, the 'railway' tag was a guise for intervening in the Chinese civil wars, namely, the cloak of secrecy under which the Soviets orchestrated the historical Soviet conquest of China to fulfill Stalin's mantle that pro-Soviet regimes must be established in all territories that the Soviet Red Army ever stepped on, no matter Europe or Asia. That is, Soviet military staff, not merely Soviet military advisers, fought the Chinese civil wars in Manchuria as the railway staff. Ivan V. Kovalev, as Stalin and All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)'s plenipotentiary to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), was sent to China for directing the civil war as a railway czar.
    Ivan V. Kovalev, as Stalin and All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)'s plenipotentiary to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), was sent to China for directing the civil war as a railway czar.

    George Kennan's Fallacious Disclaim of Soviet Instigation and Bankrupt 'Long' Containment View:
    George Kennan naively discounted the Chinese communist revolution as "part of the Soviet system" and asserted its victory to be an exception to the Soviet "military intimidation or invasion" and not a result that could be ascribed "primarily to Soviet propaganda or instigation" (American Diplomacy, p. 119. The U of Chi Press 1951, expanded edition). George Kennan's bankrupt 'long' view as to communism was "a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment", which was to seek solutions in the "historical" context, namely, the "Russian or the oriental mind" of the "Russian-Asiatic world", something the communist China twin shared, that was seemingly perceived as an innate matter that could not be overcome.

    The destiny of Russian tyranny, ... was to expand into Asia - and eventually to break in two, there, upon its own conquests.

    * In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949 *
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    U.S.S.R./Comintern Alliance with the KMT & CCP (1923-1927)
    Korean/Chinese Communists & the 1931 Japanese Invasion of Manchuria
    American Involvement in China: Soviet Operation Snow, IPR Conspiracy, Dixie Mission, Stilwell
    Incident, O.S.S. Scheme, Coalition Government Crap, Amerasia Case & The China White Paper

    * Stay tuned for "Republican China 1911-1955: A Complete Untold History" *

    Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army; Shin Kyu Sik's Shrine (Spirit, Kunitama) of Korea
    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.

    Written by Ah Xiang
    Armed Uprisings Against Manchu Qing Dynasty
    Song Jiaoren's Death & Second Revolution
    The Republic Restoration Wars
    The Wars For Protecting 'Interim Agreed-Upon Laws'
    Civil Wars Among Northern Warlords
    Guangdong-Guangxi War & Sun Yat-sen's Return To Canton
    Guangdong-Guangxi War & Li Zongren's Emergence
    Li Zongren Quelling Guangxi Prov
    Whampoa Academy & Chiang Kai-shek's Wars
    Northern Expeditions & Unification Of China
    Invasion Of Manchuria, Chaha'er & Jehol 1931-34
    Mukden Incident - 9/18/1931 & Battle Of Jiangqiao
    Shanghai Provocation - 1/28/1932
    Battles of the Great Wall
    China In Crises Of Internal Turmoil & Foreign Invasions
    Japanese Invasion (1937-1945)
    Marco Polo Bridge Incident & Battle of Tianjin-Peking
    Campaign Of Nankou & Campaign of Xinkou
    Air Battles Directed By Chennault & With Russian Pilots
    Battles of Shanghai, Jiangyin, Si'an & Nanking Defence
    Rape Of Nanking & The Great Rescue Of 1937
    Eight Year Long Resistance War
    Mingguang, Linyi-Tengxian, Tai-er-zhuang , & Xuzhou
    Battles of Lanfeng, Wuhan, Nanchang, & Sui-Zao,
    1st Changsha Battle, Kunlunguan, Wuyuan, & Zao-Yi,
    Fatigue Bombing of Chongqing by Japanese
    Aggression Against Vietnam & Southeast Asia
    Yu-nan & E-bei, Shanggao, & Mt Zhongtiaoshan
    2nd Changsha Battle, & Pacific Wars
    3rd Changsha Battle, Zhe-Gan, Changde, & E-xi
    First, & Second Burma Campaign, & Phase II
    [ revolution.htm & tragedy.htm]
    Communist Armed Rebellions
    Second Northern Expedition
    War Of Chiang Kai-shek versus Gui-xi (March 1929)
    War Of The Central Plains (May 1930)
    Campaigns Against Communist Strongholds
    The Long March
    Xi'an Incident - Turning Point of Modern History
    Demise Of Red Army Western Expedition
    [ campaign.htm & terror.htm ] [ default page: war.htm ]

    1945-1949 Civil War
    Liao-Shen Campaign
    Korean War
    Vietnamese War
  •  


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    This website expresses the personal opinions of this webmaster (webmaster@republicanchina.org, webmaster@imperialchina.org, webmaster@communistchina.org, webmaster@uglychinese.org: emails deleted for security's sake, and sometime deleted inadvertently, such as the case of an email from a grandson of Commander Frank Harrington, assistant U. S. naval attache, who was Mme Chiang Kai-shek's doctor in the 1940s). In addition to this webmaster's comments, extensive citation and quotes of the ancient Chinese classics (available at http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/ftmsw3) were presented via transcribing and paraphrasing the Classical Chinese language into the English language. Whenever possible, links and URLs are provided to give credit and reference to the ideas borrowed elsewhere. This website may be used or reproduced in any form or by any means, with or without the prior written permission, on the pre-condition that an acknowledgement or a reciprocal link is expressively provided. This acknowledgment was for preventing future claims against the authorship when the contents of this website are made into a book format. For validation against authorship, https://archive.org/, a San Francisco-based nonprofit digital library, possessed snapshots of the websites through its Wayback Machine web snapshots. All rights reserved.
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    This snippet is for sons and daughters of China: Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    Jeanne d'Arc of China:
    Teenager girl Xun Guan breaking out of the Wancheng city to borrow the relief troops in the late Western Jinn dynasty; Liu-Shao-shi riding into the barbarian army to rescue her husband in the late Western Jinn dynasty; teenager girl Shen Yunying breaking into Zhang Xianzhong's rebels on the horseback to avenge on father's death in the late Ming dynasty.
    China's Solitary and Lone Heroes:
    Nan Jiyun breaking out of the Suiyang siege and charging back into the city in the Tang dynasty; Zhang Gui & Zhang Shun Brothers breaking through the Mongol siege of Xiangyang in the Southern Soong dynasty; Liu Tiejun breaking through three communist field armies' siege of Kaifeng in the Republican China time period; Zhang Jian's lone confrontation against the communist army during the June 3rd & 4th Massacre of 1989.
    This is an internet version of this webmaster's writings on "Imperial China" (2004 version assembled by third-millennium-library; scribd), "Republican China", and "Communist China". There is no set deadline as to the date of completion for "Communist China". Someone saved a copy of this webmaster's writing on the June 4th [1989] Massacre at http://www.scribd.com/doc/2538142/June-4th-Tiananmen-Massacre-in-Beijing-China. The work on "Imperial China", which was originally planned for after "Republican China", is now being pulled forward, with continuous updates posted to Pre-History, Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, and Han dynasties, offering the readers a tour of ancient China transcending space and time. Discussions and topics on ancient China could be seen in the bulletin boards linked here --before the Google SEO-change was to move the referrals off the search engine. The "June 4th Massacre" page used to be ranked No. 1 in the Google search results, but no longer seen now; however, bing.com and yahoo.com, not doing Google's evils, could still produce this webmaster's writeup on the June 4, 1989 Massacre. The Sinitic Civilization - Book I, a comprehensive history, including 95-98% of the records from The Spring & Autumn Annals and its Zuo Zhuan commentary, and the forgery-filtered book The Bamboo Annals, is now available on Barnes & Noble, Amazon, Google Play|Books and Nook. Book II is available now on Amazon and Barnes & Noble. Check out this webmaster's 2nd edition --that realigned the Han dynasty's reign years strictly observing the Zhuanxu-li calendar of October of a prior lunar year to September of the following lunar year. The 2nd edition also cleared this webmaster's blind spot on the authenticity of the Qinghua University's Xi Nian bamboo slips as far as Zhou King Xiewang's 21 years of co-existence with Zhou King Pingwang was concerned, a handicap due to sticking to Wang Guowei's Gu Ben Bamboo Annals and ignoring the records in Kong Yingda's Zheng Yi. This webmaster traced the Sinitic cosmological, astronomical, astrological and geographical development, with dedicated chapters devoted to interpreting Qu Yuan's poem Tian Wen (Asking Heaven), the mythical mountain and sea book Shan Hai Jing, geography book Yu Gong (Lord Yu's Tributes), and Zhou King Muwang's travelogue Mu-tian-zi Zhuan, as well as a comprehensive review of ancient calendars, ancient divination, and ancient geography. Refer to Introduction_to_The_Sinitic_Civilization, Afterword, Table of Contents - Book I (Index) and Table of Contents - Book II (Index) for details. (Table of lineages & reign years: Sovereigns & Thearchs; Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties; Zhou dynasty's vassalage lords; Lu Principality lords; Han dynasty's reign years; Chinese dynasties (Sexagenary year conversion table-2698B.C.-A.D.2018; 247B.C.-A.D.85) )
    Sinitic Civilization Book 1 華夏文明第一卷:從考古、青銅、天文、占卜、曆法和編年史審視的真實歷史 Sinitic Civilization Book 2 華夏文明第二卷:從考古、青銅、天文、占卜、曆法和編年史審視的真實歷史 Tribute of Yu Heavenly Questions Zhou King Mu's Travels Classic of Mountains and Seas
     
    The Bamboo Annals
    The Bamboo Annals
    From the Khitans to the Jurchens & Mongols: A History of Barbarians in Triangle Wars and Quartet Conflicts (天譴四部曲之三:從契丹到女真和蒙古 - 中原陸沉之殤)
    Epigraph|Preface|Introduction|T.O.C.|Afterword|Bibliography|References|Index (available at iUniverse|Google|Amazon|B&N)

    For this webmaster, only the ancient history posed some puzzling issues that are being cracked at the moment, using the watershed line of Qin Emperor Shihuangdi's book burning to rectify what was the original history before the book burning, filtering out what was forged after the book burning, as well as filtering out the fables that were rampant just prior to the book burning, and validating against the oracle bones and bronzeware. There is not a single piece of puzzle for this webmaster concerning the modern Chinese history. This webmaster had read Wellington Koo's memoirs page by page from 2004-2007, and read General Hu Zongnan's biography in the early 1990s, which was to have re-lived their lives on a day by day basis. Not to mention this webmaster's complete browsing of materials written by the Soviet agents as well as the materials that were once published like on the George Marshall Foundation's website etc., to have a full grasp of the international gaming of the 20th century. The unforgotten emphasis on "Republican China", which was being re-outlined to be inclusive of the years of 1911 to 1955 and divided into volumes covering the periods of pre-1911 to 1919, 1919 to 1928, 1929 to 1937, 1937 to 1945, and 1945-1955, will continue. This webmaster plans to make part of the contents of "Republican China, A Complete Untold History" into publication soon. The original plan for completion was delayed as a result of broadening of the timeline to be inclusive of the years of 1911-1955. For up-to-date updates, check the RepublicanChina-pdf.htm page. Due to constraints, only the most important time periods would be reorganized into some kind of publishable format, such as the 1939-1940, 1944-1945, and 1945-1950 Chinese civil wars, with special highlight on Kim Il Sung's supplying 250,000 North Korean mercenaries to fighting the Chinese civil war, with about 60,000-70,000 survivors repatriated to North Korea for the 1950 Korea War, for example --something to remind the readers how North Korea developed to threaten the world with a nuclear winter today. Note the fundamental difference between the 250,000 ethnic-Korean Japanese Kwantung Army diehards and the ethnic-Korean Chinese living in China. The communist statistics claimed that altogether 65,000 ethnic-Korean Chinese minority people, or the Korean migrants living in China, joined the communist army, with approximately 60% coming from the Jirin subprovince, 21% from the Sungari subprovince, and 15% from the Liaodong subprovince.
    China's conscience: Peng Zaizhou (Peng Lifa)'s crusading call against China's proditor
    Wang Bingzhang Gao Zhisheng Wang Quanzhang Jiang Tianyong Xu Zhiyong Huang Qi Shi Tao Yu Wensheng
    Peng Zaizhou (Peng Lifa)'s crusading call against China's imbecelic proditor and dictator: 不要核酸要吃饭, 不要封控要自由; 不要领袖要选票, 不要谎言要尊严; 不要文革要改革, 不做奴才做公民. Peng Zaizhou's
    crusading call
    against China's proditor

    (Yahoo; Slideshare;
    Twitter; Facebook;
    Reddit;
    RFA.org; news.com;
    WashingtonPost.com;
    NYPost.com;
    NewAmerican
    )
    Dr. Xu Zhiyong's 15-Nov-2012 open letter to Xi Jinping 許志永博士2012年致習近平的公開信:一個公民對國家命運的思考
    Dr. Xu Zhiyong's Jan 2020 letter calling for Xi Jinping to abdicate 許志永博士致習近平的公開信:習近平先生,您讓位吧!
    The objectives of this webmaster's writings would be i) to re-ignite the patriotic passion of the ethnic Chinese overseas; ii) to rectify the modern Chinese history to its original truth; and iii) to expound the Chinese tradition, humanity, culture and legacy to the world community. Significance of the historical work on this website could probably be made into a parallel to the cognizance of the Chinese revolutionary forerunners of the 1890s: After 250 years of the Manchu forgery and repression, the revolutionaries in the late 19th century re-discovered the Manchu slaughters and literary inquisition against the ethnic-Han Chinese via books like "Three Rounds Of Slaughter At Jiading In 1645", "Ten Day Massacre At Yangzhou" and Jiang Lianqi's "Dong Hua Lu" [i.e., "The Lineage Extermination Against Luu Liuliang's Family"]. Revolutionary forerunner Zhang Taiyan (Zhang Binglin), a staunch anti-Manchu revolutionary scholar, invoked Xin Shi (The History [Book] of Heart, a book written by Soong loyalist Zheng Sixiao who sank it in a tin-iron box into a well in the late 13th century A.D., and rediscovered about three and half centuries later), for rallying the nationalist movements against the Manchu rule. Additionally, revolutionaries in Sichuan often invoked 17-year-old prodigy-martyr Xia Wanchun's Xia Jiemin [Quan-]Ji (Complete anthology of Xia Wanchun's poems and prose) for taking heart of grace in the uprisings against the Manchus. This webmaster intends to make the contents of this website into the Prometheus fire, lightening up the fuzzy part of China's history. It is this webmaster's hope that some future generation of the Chinese patriots, including the to-be-awoken sons and grandsons of arch-thief Chinese Communist rulers [who had sought material pursuits in the West], after reflecting on the history of China, would return to China to do something for the good of the country. This webmaster's question for the sons of China: Are you to wear the communist pigtails for 267 years? And don't forget that your being born in the U.S. and the overseas or your parents and grandparents' being granted permanent residency by the U.S. and European countries could be ascribed to the sacrifice of martyrs on the Tian-an-men Square and the Peking city in 1989. (If you were the Chi-com hitting this site from the Bank of China New York branch or from the party academy in Peking, spend some time reading here to cleanse your brain-washed mind.)

    Beliefs Are Tested in Saga Of Sacrifice and Betrayal

    REAL STORY: A Study Group Is Crushed in China's Grip
    Beliefs Are Tested in Saga Of Sacrifice and Betrayal
    Chinese ver

    China The Beautiful


    utube links Defender of the Republic Song of the Blue Sky and White Sun Brave Soldiers of the Republic of China


    Republican China in Blog Format
    Republican China in Blog Format
    Li Hongzhang's poem after signing the 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki:
    In Commemoration of China's Fall under the Alien Conquests in A.D. 1279, A.D. 1644 & A.D. 1949
    Sons and daughters of China, till cutting off the communist pigtails on your heads, don't let up, take heart of grace, and heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms ! Never, Ever Give Up ! 中國的兒子和女兒們,聆聽在蒙韃、滿清、蘇聯中共的征服和永嘉、靖康、甲申的浩劫中死去或活著的我們的祖先的苦難和悲痛!
    The destiny of Russian tyranny, ... was to expand into Asia - and eventually to break in two, there, upon its own conquests.
    The destiny of Russian tyranny, ... was to expand into Asia - and eventually to break in two, there, upon its own conquests. 俄羅斯暴政的命運,......是向亞洲擴張 - 征服亞洲,並最終在那裡,把自己複製分成雙胞胎兩半。
    Heed the sons & ministers' agony and sorrow of our ancestors who died or lived through the Mongol, Manchu and Soviet-Chicom conquest and the Yongjia, Jingkang and Jiashen cataclysms !
    *** Translation, Tradducion, Ubersetzung , Chinese ***