Huangdi – the Yellow Overlord

Huangdi’s line appears to be still a branch of the Sino-Tibetan group.  However, he was implied to be the father of ‘Bei-di’ (北狄) or the ‘barbarian’ from the north in ‘The Legends of Mountains and Seas’, which was said to be a book written after Lord Yu sent expeditions to the four corners of the world to survey the earth, but was more likely a book written in the 4th century B.C.E. around or after [depending on the mountain or sea parts of the book], with Shi-zi, i.e., teacher of Qin reformer Shang Yang, making comments therein, namely, 《尸子》:“四邦之民,有贯匈者,有深目者,有长肱者,黄帝之德尝致之。”. (In the spirits of restoring the lost Chinese classics that were destroyed by Qin Emperor Shihuangdi’s book-burning and Confucian-burying campaign, Han Dynasty scholars had done extensive work recompiling lost books. Historian Liu Xiang and Lin Xin were responsible for assembling the book Wu [five] Zang [viscera of mother Earth] Shan [mountain] Jing [records], i.e., historical writings on the mountains and seas of China, and related books on the seas, into the book Shan Hai Jing.)

《山海經》:“黃帝之孫日始均,始均生北狄”。“黃帝生苗龍,苗龍生融吾,融吾生弄明,弄明生白犬……是為犬戎”。 “顓頊生驩頭,驩頭生苗民”。“季禺之國,顓頊之子”。“有國,名曰叔士,顓頊之子”。“有國曰中輪,顓頊之子”。

Here, ‘Bei-di’ (北狄) could be some mixed O3/N barbarians who were relatively cooked versus the uncooked C-haplogroup barbarians in the Amur River area to the north. This webmaster’s point was that the early Huns were most likely Qiangic proto-Tibetans or a possible separate Yun-surnamed Xianyun group which was exiled to Northwest China together with the San-miao people in the late 3rd millennium B.C.E.; the later Xianbei, Khitan, Jurchen, Mongol and Manchu people, who were proto-Manchurian or proto-Altaic, were the C haplogroup; and the “cooked” barbarians, i.e., those dwelling between the Sinitic Chinese and the “raw” barbarians, were the mixed O/C/N-haplogroup people.)

Separately, Sima Qian, whose writing represented the orthodoxy Huangdi line, inadvertently stated that Huangdi moved across the nation without a fixed dwelling place (or palace). (See 《史记·五帝本纪》“披山通道,未尝宁居。东至于海,登丸山,及岱宗。西至于空桐,登鸡头。南至于江,登熊、湘。北逐荤粥,合符釜山,而以于涿鹿之阿。迁徙往来无常处,以师兵为营卫。”)

This webmaster, after reflecting on the DNA findings, would tend to think that the O1, O2 and O3 haplogroups might have just geographically converged after splitting from each other 15,000-20,000 years ago. The confusion related to the ancient overlords could be a result of erroneous interpretation by the later scholars. Example: Huangdi the Yellow Lord was said to be born in Shouqiu of today’s Shandong Province. Here, scholars validated that it was Kong An’guo, a Confucius descendant, who made the remark that Huangdi was born in Shouqiu. The word “Shouqiu”, however, appeared in the context of Sima Qian’s writings on Lord Shun, with a claim that Lord Shun, who was born near Lishan or today’s southern Shanxi, had made potteries by the river [which was taken to be possibly the Fen-he River] and continued to manufacture utensils at Shouqiu, a place that had to be somewhere in southern Shanxi, not Shandong.

Ancient Chinese of the Han dynasty time period, who might have missed the Zhuolu locality made in SHI BEN, might be inclined for the Yellow Lord to be more a northerner who had something to do with the barbarians. The ‘northern’ origin of Huangdi could be seen in the existence of a Fang-lei-shi nation (? Gaoyi, Hebei), which was called by JINN YU Of GUO YU to be a maternal uncle of Qing-yang, one of Huangdi’s son. This equated Lei-zu, i.e., Huangdi’s wife, to some woman from this nation. Sima Qian called Huangdi’s fort by “Zhuolu-zhi-a”, namely, the flat land below Mt. Zhuolu. Though, Zhuolu, per ancient book SHI BEN, would be Pengcheng (Xuzhou, Jiangsu), also called by Tongshan (i.e., the copper mountain), which was to say that it was right in the central plains of China, not some northern borderland.

《索隐》citing 皇甫谧:“黄帝生于寿丘,长于姬水,因以为姓。居轩辕之丘,因以为名,又以为号。”

Difference and similarity in regards to the birth of Yandi and Huangdi

The ancient historians tried to reconcile the records, and hence pointed out that Huangdi’s mother, Fubao ( 附宝), came from a tribe whose ancestors belonged to the same Youqiao-shi (有蟜氏) tribe as Yandi’s mother. As to Yandi, the claim was that his mother came from the Youqiao-shi (有蟜氏) tribe, carrying the name of Andeng (安登). Fubao or Andeng could not be the same woman even though the tribe could be traced to the same one, Youqiao-shi (有蟜氏).

However, JINN YU, a sophistry book from the Warring States time period, however, did not have details such as the names of the mothers of either Huangdi or Yandi. That is, the names like Fubao or Andeng, were made up by the latter-day people.

《国语·晋语四》:“昔少典氏娶于有蟜氏,生黄帝、炎帝。黄帝以姬水成;炎帝以姜水成。成而异德,故黄帝为姬姓,炎帝为姜姓。韦昭注:姜,水名;成,谓所生长以成功也。”(《史记·太史公自序》《报任安书》“左丘失明厥有《国语》”。《史记·十二诸侯年表》“表见《春秋》《国语》。”)

《竹书纪年》:“炎帝神农氏,其初国伊,继国耆,合称,又曰伊耆氏。”

《大戴礼》:“黄帝,少典之子也,居有熊,曰轩辕。”

《尚书·禹贡》:“导洛自熊耳,东北会廛涧,又东会于伊。”(《博物志》:洛出熊耳),

《汉书·地理志》:“熊耳山在东,伊水出,东北入洛。”

《洛浩》:我卜涧水东,瀍水西,惟洛食。我卜瀍水东,亦惟洛食。

《列子•黄帝篇》:“庖牺氏、女娲氏、神农氏、夏后氏,蛇身人面,牛头虎鼻。”

《水经注》:“岐水,又东迳姜氏城南,为姜水。”

西周“轲尊”周武王都洛邑:“唯王初迁宅于成周,则廷告于天曰:余其宅此中国”

《帝王世纪》:“炎帝神农氏,姜姓也。母曰任姒,有蟜氏女登为少典妃,游华山之阳,有神龙首,感女登于常羊,生炎帝。人身牛首,长于姜水。有圣德,以火德王,故号炎帝。初都陈,又徙鲁。又曰魁隗氏,又曰连山氏,又曰烈山氏。”

《帝王世纪》:“黄帝有熊氏,少典之子,姬姓也,母曰附宝,其先即炎帝母家有蟜氏,世与少典氏婚。”

《春秋纬·元命苞》:“少典妃安登游于华阳,有神龙首,感之于常羊,生神农。人面龙颜,好耕,是谓神农,始为天子。” (The wei [纬] series were mostly forgeries by scholars from the late Western Han Dynasty.)

What “Guo-yu” stated was an earlier version, stating that Yandi and Huangdi were brothers, the conflict of which was not reconciled. What Huangfu Mi of Western Jinn Dynasty did was to give the details as well as add-on explanation, stating that Yandi’s original birthplace was at “Changyangshan” Mountain, near the Yi-shui and Luo-shui Rivers and Huashan Mountain. According to Zhou Dynasty’s bronze inscription, this place was the original place for the “middle land (i.e., the middle kingdom)”.

Huangdi, per Jinn Yu of Guo Yu, was born and grew up along the Ji-shui River, a river that was never properly pinpointed, while Yandi was born and grew up along the Jiang-shui River – which was pinpointed to be some river south of today’s Xi’an. If we took  Jinn Yu of Guo Yu as more authoritative, we could hence agree with the ancient saints that Huangdi, or the Yellow Overlord, was indeed a brotherly tribe of Yandi and had the same origin from the Shaodian tribe on the paternal side. If so, both Huangdi and Yandi should have their homeland in today’s Nanshan area or the southern mountain range, and south of today’s Xi’an city of Shenxi Province. As to the Youqiao-shi tribe on the maternal side, which was said to be a honey bees or silkworm tribe, validated to be located in today’s central plains, it could be the latter-day addon. (Liu Jiujie, a Henan Province native, stated that the Juci-he River at the foot of Mt. Jucishan was known as Qingyih-he or Yih-shui River which wasthe original Ji-shui River. Then, the Battle of Zhuolu etc could be fought in the heartland of China or Mt. Jucishan, with the name Zhuolu appropriated to the Hebei-Kalgan border area later.)

Huangdi’s Birthplace and Burial Place

Huangdi’s birthplace was historically pinned to be at the Youxiong-shi land, namely, today’s Xinzheng of Henan Province. However, the conflict I am seeing here is that Huangdi had in fact set his domain (capital) of ruling at Youxiong, not his birthplace. The time Huangdi had set its capital at Youxiong would have to be after his defeating Chi-you (or Yandi) at Zhuolu or Banquan, which was beyond the Yellow River and at the border with the Inner Mongolian steppe.

《史记•五帝纪》:“黄帝者,少典之子,姓公孙,名曰轩辕”…“黄帝崩,葬桥山。”

《帝王世纪》:“黄帝有熊氏,少典之子,姬姓也,母曰附宝,其先即炎帝母家有蟜氏,世与少典氏婚。”

《 帝王世纪》:“黄帝有熊氏,少典之子,姬姓也。母曰附宝,其先即炎帝。母家有娇氏之女,也与少 典氏婚,故《国语》兼称焉。得神农氏之末,少典氏又娶附宝”,…“生黄帝于寿丘,长于姬水,因以为姓 。以土承火,位在中央,故曰黄帝。有圣德,受国于有熊,居轩辕之丘,故因以为名,又以为号。”…“在 位百年而崩,年一百一十岁……,葬于上郡阳周之桥山”。(Huangfu Mi  already mixed up the Arch Mountain in Shangjun [上郡] as the real Arch mountain in northern Hebei, or the arch mountain in northern Hebei was appropriated there first.)

《史记 李斯列传》: “使者即以属吏,系于阳周。” 《蒙恬列 传》: “又遣使者之 阳周”,… 《项羽本纪》:“蒙恬竟斩阳周”。

Eastern Han Dynasty also mistook the Arch Mountain in today’s Shenxi as the real one.

《括地志》:” 黄帝陵 在 寧州 罗川县 东八十里 子午山 。” 《汉书·地理志》:“阳周,桥山在南,有黄帝 家,莽曰上陵?。” 《尔雅》山鋭而高曰桥也。”

The Arch Mountain in Shenxi is today known as Ziwuling[ 子午岭 ], the place Liu Zhidan’s Red Amy banditry took as the safe haven.

Jinn Dynasty historian Huangfu Mi, ignoring GUO YU’s statement that Huangdi and Yandi were brothers, expanded on Sima Qian’s book in stating that Huangdi was born near the end of the Yandi Dynasty at a place called Shouqiu, which is to the east of today’s Qufu, Shandong Province. Huangfu Mi continued to state that Huangdi established his rule by setting his capital at the Youxiong-shi land (i.e., today’s Xinzheng of Henan Province). [There was a same name pottery site in today's Shanxi Province. See 《史记“陶河滨,作什器于寿丘,就时于负夏”)] However, Huangfu Mi could be misled by the forgeries written prior to Jinn Dynasty. The forgery started with Kong Anguo’s editing and comments, which the later scholars claimed to be written by Kong Anguo, termed  《古文尚书》and 尚书传》, alternatively named 《伪古文尚书》and《尚书伪孔传》.

The Youxiong-shi land

Huangdi was a brother of Yandi and was a son of the Shaodian tribe.  Huangdi was given the ‘Ji’ surname, having the conferral of  [? or setting the capital at (per Huangfu Mi and later scholars)]  the land of ‘xiong’ (i.e., bear),  came to be called by the Youxiong-shi, dwelled near a hill which came to be known as the Xuanyuan-qiu Hill, and married with a woman from Xiling. The locality was historically pinned to be today’s Xinzheng of Henan Province.

Should we examine Sima Qian’s Shi Ji line by line, we could find major conflicts whenever Huangdi’s origin was concerned. Sima Qian claimed that Huangdi and Yandi were brothers, albeit stating in a different section to point out that Yandi was one of the last overlords of the Shennong-shi reign. The Yandi Dynasty was said to have continued for a long history, not to mention the preceding overlords between the first overlord Fuxi-shi and the last royal house of Shenong-shi from which the Yandi Dynasty originated.

Shennong-shi was apparently derived from the Lieshan-shi clan in ZUO ZHUAN. Fuxi, a name with the ‘xi’ or void or number one, was a fable figure –that was inexplicably linked to Tai-hao-shi in ZUO ZHUAN. Namely, all Han dynasty conjectured deities.

《大戴礼纪》:“黄帝居轩辕之丘,娶于西陵氏之子,谓之嫘祖氏。”

(晋)王嘉《拾遗记》: 轩辕出自有熊之国。母曰昊枢,以戊己之日生,故以土德称王也。

皇甫谧《帝王世纪》:“黄帝,少典之子,姬姓也……有圣德,受国有熊,居轩辕之丘。”

皇甫谧《帝王世纪》:“新郑,古有熊国,黄帝之所都。受国于有熊,居轩辕之丘,故因以为名,又以为号”。

晋《胜志》:“新郑县城内有轩辕丘。”

明陆应阳《广舆记》:“轩辕丘,新郑古有熊氏之国,黄帝生此故名。”

《大明一统志》卷二十六:“轩辕丘,在新郑县境,古有熊氏之国,轩辕黄帝生于此故名。”

《大清一统志》卷五十二:“轩辕丘在新郑县西北。”

清顺治十六年《新郑县志》:“轩辕丘,在县境,黄帝生于斯。”

清乾隆二十九年:“古传,郑邑为轩辕氏旧墟,行在北有轩辕丘遗址。”

Where is the locality of the Youqiao-shi tribe?

The Youqiao-shi tribe, meaning the bee or honey collection tribe [or the silkworm tribe??],  appeared to be located near the Yi-shui and Luo-shui River areas, the same area as Yandi’s tribe.

国语, 晋语》载:“昔少典氏娶于有蟜氏,生黄帝、炎帝。”

《山海经·中次六经》:“缟羝山之首,曰平逢之山,南望伊洛,东望谷城之山,……有神焉,其状如人而二首,名曰蟜虫,是为螯虫,实惟蜜蜂之庐。”

郝懿行《疏》:“平逢山即北邙山,郏山之异名也。”

《左传·定公八年》:“单子伐谷城”。杜预注:“谷城在河南县西”。

《后汉书·郡国志》:“谷城,瀍水出”。

《逸周书·作雒解》:周公“作大邑成周于土中,城方千七百二十丈……南系于洛水,北因于郏山”。(《逸周书》was a forgery, just like parts of Guan-zi.)

北魏郦道元《水经注》“或言县有熊氏之墟,黄帝之所都也,郑人徙居此,故曰‘新郑’。”

《太平寰宇记》:“邙山在河南县北十里、洛阳县北二里,一名平逢山,亦郏山之别名也”。

段玉裁《说文解字注·邑部》“郏”:“按《周书》所谓郏山者,北邙山也”。

庄周《黄帝将见大隗》: “黄帝将见大隗乎具茨之山,方明为御,昌寓骖乘,张若、謵朋前马,昆阍、滑稽后车。至于襄城之野”

汉书·地理志》:河南郡有大隗山,盖压禹、密、新三县也。”

水经注》:“大隗即具茨山也。”

(北魏)郦道元(466—527)《水经注》:“黄帝登具茨山,升于洪堤上,受神芝图于华盖童子。”

《史记·夏本记》载:禹摄政“十七年而帝舜崩。三年丧毕,禹辞避舜之子商均于阳城。天下诸侯皆去商均而朝禹,禹于是遂即天子位,南面朝天下,国号曰夏后,姓姒氏。”

《逸周书·度邑》明确记载:颍河上游,伊洛河两岸,自古是“有夏之居”。

《水经注》:“河南阳翟县有夏亭城,夏禹始封于此,为夏国。是禹以司空受封于夏,故至是改称为夏后也。”


Locality of Huangdi’s wife was said to be Xiling, while Xiling was historically extrapolated to be in today’s Sichuan Province or western Hubei Province, and hence the continuity of the legend about Lord Yu’s birthplace in western China and known as Rong-yu (I.e., Yu who was born in the western Rong land, carring the Xi-rong tag of the later times). The western locality of Xi-ling could be wrong as well. Previously, we talked about the ‘northern’ origin of Huangdi as seen in the existence of a Fang-lei-shi nation (? Gaoyi, Hebei), which was called by JINN YU Of GUO YU to be a maternal uncle of Qing-yang, one of Huangdi’s son. This equated Lei-zu, i.e., Huangdi’s wife, to some woman from this nation. GUO YU contained references to Youjiao-shi, Fanglei-shi and Tongyu-shi, etc, meaning Youjiao-shi and Fanglei-shi were two different tribes. Sima Qian’s SHI JI was of course later than GUO YU; however, GUO YU could be a Warring States sophistry book, and was proven to be wrong whenever having conflicting stories from the same stories as contained in ZUO ZHUAN.

In another word, the words on Huangdi were very limited and had like one to two entries in ZUO ZHUAN. While this webmaster did not deny the existence of a person called Huangdi, there was simply no records other than what ZUO ZHUAN cited as a battle at Banquan between Huangdi and Yandi, and what GUO YU cited as the two being sons of the Shao-dian-shi tribe. As to THE BAMBOO ANNALS, anything beyond the Xia dynasty should be considered the insertions by scholars from the southern dynasties when they recompiled the books in the aftermath of the Yongjia Cataclysm of the Jinn dynasty. Gu Yanwu, an anti-Manchu fugitive historian from the Ming-Qing dynastic substitution time period, pointed out in his book Ri Zhi Lu (records of knowledge acquired on a daily basis) that the fact that the texts [i.e., annotated texts] about the five overlords and thearchs (i.e., sage kings) and the three founder-kings of the Xia-Shang-Zhou dynasties in The Bamboo Annals were the most detailed would say for itself that those contents were copied from She Yue’s Fu Rui Zhi (symbols/talisman’s book) of Soong Shu (i.e., the Liu Soong dynasty chronicle). Gu Yanwu’s conclusion was that Shen Yue himself could not have copied the complete texts to The Bamboo Annals from Soong Shu as he already talked about the Five Thearchs (i.e., sage kings) and the three dynasties’ founder-kings there, and that it must be someone else who ported the texts to The Bamboo Annals. What Gu Yanwu was suspecting was that the forgery contemporary version of The Bamboo Annals could not have been forged after the A.D. 311 Yongjia Cataclysm. Following Gu Yanwu’s line of thought, the flagrant forgery bamboo annals could have only been compiled by Luo Mi after the A.D. 1127 Jingkang Cataclysm. Luo Mi, who wrote Lu4 Shi (the Grand History), appeared to be the only person versatile with the ancient history, albeit someone who fully bought in as to the Han dynasty forgery books and the talisman and celestial sign-related writings of the Southern Dynasties, such as Shen Yue’s Fu Rui Zhi of Soong Shu.

Xiling, per Wei Si at http://www.wenbao.net/html/lunwen/weisi_03.html would be in today’s Xiping.

《史记,五帝本纪》:黄帝“时播百穀草木,淳化鸟兽蟲蛾”。

《史记,五帝本纪》说:“黄帝居轩辕之丘,而娶於西陵之女,是为嫘祖。”

《隋书•礼仪志》〈 路史》:”伏羲化蚕。西陵氏始养蚕。故《淮南蚕经》云‘西陵氏劝蚕稼,亲蚕始此’。”

《路史·国名纪六》:“西陵,黄帝元妃,嫘姓国”。

张守节《史记正义》:“西陵,国名。”

郦道元《水经注·潕水》:潕水“又东过西平县北。县,故柏国也。《春秋左传》所谓江、黄、道、柏,方睦于齐也。汉曰西平。其西吕墟,即西陵亭也。西陵平夷,故曰西平。”

杨守敬《水经注疏》:“(西陵)亭当在今西平县西。”

杨守敬《水经注图.潕水篇》: “吕墟,即西陵亭”

甘肃武威王杖简:“河平元年汝南西陵县昌里,先,年七十,受王杖”。“汝南郡西陵县”。

Huangdi’s Link to Zhuolu -the purported Hongshan Culture in the Hebei-Shanxi-Chahar (Kalgan) area

Huangdi was said to have defeated Chiyou at the Battle of Zhuolu and defeated Yandi at the Battle of Banquan. The two places were today known to be near Kalgan. Complicating the situation would be some reasonable analysis stating that the ancient locality for Zhuolu [chasing deers] could in fact be right in the heartland of the central plains, namely, not far away from the two banks of the Yellow River, or the Yi-shui/Luo-shui Rivers on the south bank and the Mt. Zhongtiaoshan on the north bank. The point was that Zhuolu was later appropriated to today’s northern Hebei.
The important thing to note is that the Battle of Zhuolu might not be fought at today’s Zhuolu at all. Zhuolu, per ancient book SHI BEN, would be Pengcheng (Xuzhou, Jiangsu), also called by Tongshan (i.e., the copper mountain), which was to say that it was right in the central plains of China, not some northern borderland.The name Zhuolu was appropriated to the Hebei-Kalgan border area later.

西汉贾谊《新书·制不定》:“黄帝行道,神农不德,故战于涿鹿之野”
《史记·五帝本纪》:“黄帝与蚩尤战于涿鹿之野”
《史记·五帝本纪》:東至于海,登丸山,及岱宗。西至于空桐,登雞頭。南至于江,登熊、湘。北逐葷粥,合符釜山,而邑于涿鹿之阿。遷徙往來無常處,以師兵為營衛。(釜山-今河北怀来《水经注》引《魏土地记》:“潘城西北三里有历山” ;《括地志》:“釜山在妫州怀戎县北三里”;《后魏舆地图风土记》:“潘城西北三里有历山,形似覆釜,故以名之,其下有舜庙,瞽叟祠存焉”。旧唐书·地理志》妫州怀戎:“后汉潘县、属上谷郡,……妫水经其中,妫州所治也”。)
《史记·五帝本纪》:“黄帝崩,葬桥山。”
《魏土记》:“下洛城东南四十里有桥山,山下有温泉,泉上有祭堂,雕檐华字被于浦上。”
北魏郦道元《水经注·水篇》“水又东过涿鹿县北”,“涿水出涿鹿山,世谓之张公泉”,“黄帝与蚩尤战于涿鹿之野,留其民于涿鹿之阿,即于是也,泉水东北流,与蚩尤泉会水出蚩尤城”。
《水经注》: “温泉水注之,水上承温泉于桥山下”。
(《水绎注》卷三《水篇》)“温泉行宫”
《魏书》卷二、《北史》卷一司马德宗“幸涿鹿,遣使者以太牢祠帝尧、帝舜庙”。
《魏书》卷二、《北史》卷一  拓跋嗣“幸涿鹿,登桥山,观温泉,使使者以太牢祠黄帝庙”。
《魏书》卷三拓跋嗣 “遣使者祠黄帝、唐尧庙”。
Huangdi’s Domain
《尸子》:“四邦之民,有贯匈者,有深目者,有长肱者,黄帝之德尝致之。”
《史记·五帝本纪》:“(黄帝)东至于海,登丸山,及岱宗。” “黄帝之地,北至于幽陵,南至于交阯。” (《小戴礼·王制》:南方曰蛮,雕题、交趾。《礼记.王制》:”南方曰蛮,雕题交趾,有不火食者矣。” 郑注:”交趾,足相乡,浴则同川,卧则僢。” 正义:”蛮卧时头在外,足在内而相交,故曰交趾。”)(《史记正义》(唐张守节:丸音桓。括地志:“丸山即丹山,在青州临朐县界朱虚故县西北二十里,丹水出焉。”) (《史记集解》[南朝宋裴骃]:徐广曰:“丸,一作‘凡’。”骃案:地理志曰丸山在郎邪朱虚县。)
《淮南子》: “黄帝治天下,……诸北、儋耳之国,莫不献其贡职。”
《轩辕黄帝传》:“帝所理天下,南及交趾,北至幽陵,西至流沙,东及蟠木。”

《宋书·符瑞志》:“黄帝时,南夷乘白鹿来献?。”

Huangdi was alternatively recorded to have killed both Chi-you (who was alternatively postulated to be the same as Yandi the Fiery Overlord) and the two Hao-suffixed Dong-yi tribal leaders (i.e., the original Chinese dwelling in the central China and coastal China). Here we need to point out that Chiyou was a new concept, not seen in ZUOO ZHUAN. From the sophistry books of the warring states time period, it was apparent that what they meant Chi-you was the same person as Yandi. [Liu Junnan (刘俊男), in his article on "tracing the origin of five ancient 'Di' overlords", pointed out that “两昊” = “魉昊”, which was tenuous even though he could be right about the distinction between the 'heavenly' god for 太昊 and the 'dynastic' overlord 太昊 . The two 'Hao' talk was a Han dynasty salt & iron debate political course. That is, another kind of dialectical talk, just like the earlier sophistry books.]

桓宽《鹽鐵論·結和》:“軒轅戰涿鹿,殺兩皞、蚩尤而為帝,湯、武伐夏、商,誅桀、紂而為王。黃帝以戰成功,湯、武以伐成孝。”

《山海经·海外西经》注《玉函山房辑佚书》:“蚩尤者,炎帝之后。”

南宋·罗泌.《路史·后纪四》:“蚩尤姜姓,炎帝后裔也。”

南宋·罗泌《路史·蚩尤传》:“蚩尤姜姓,炎帝之裔也”。

《黄氏逸书考》辑《遁甲开山图》:“蚩尤者,炎帝之后,与少昊治西方之金。”

裴骃《史记集解》引应劭:“蚩尤,古天子”

In the Japanese section, this webmaster postulated that that the original Nine Yi people, being not homogeneous, could have lived in the interface ground among the three main Mongoloid groups of O1-, O2- and O3-haplogroup people [plus possibly the C-haplogroup Tungunsic people] whom we could linguistically identify as the Sino-Tibetan, the Hmong-Mien and the Yi-Yue people. We could further deduce that as a result of the mixing-up of the Hmong-Mien people and the Yi people in today’s Hebei Province and on the Shandong Peninsula, we then have the phenomenon of the later people in Manchuria, Korea and Japan sharing the same archaic traditions as recorded among the ancient Nine Yi people of the 3rd millennium B.C.E., but lacking the hallmark  ”phoenix” adoration as still exists among today’s minority people in Southwestern China –the true descendants of the Hmong-Mien people. (The archaic traditions would include the historical practice of “dun ju” [squatting, which mutated into the Manchu practice of one leg kneeling on the ground while another leg bending at the knee,, which the Manchus used as the protocol for seeing the superiors; or spreading the feet if we use an alternative definition in Chinese classics], slate coffins, and bearing down the newborn’s head with stone.)

Huangdi reaching the Han-shui River and the Yangtze River

Drawing the two parallels, we could also say that both Huangdi and Tuoba had extended their rule to the area no further than the Han-shui River and the Yangtze River.  In another word, there was no implication of an alien conquest of the whole China as the Mongols and the Manchus succeeded in China’s history. The southern excursion by Huangdi could be a continuity of the conquest ensuing from defeating Yandi/Chi-you.

《史记·五帝本纪》: “披山通道,未尝宁居。东至于海,登丸山,及岱宗。西至于空桐,登鸡头。南至于江,登熊、湘。北逐荤粥,合符釜山,而以于涿鹿之阿。迁徙往来无常处,以师兵为营卫。”

南宋祝穆 《方舆胜揽》:”山川熊山,己昔黄帝登熊山,意其此也”。

《秦始皇本纪》:“始皇二十八年,浮江至湘山祠,逢大风,几不得渡。上问博士曰:湘君何神?博士对曰:闻之尧女舜之妻,而葬此。于是始皇大怒,使刑徒三千,皆伐湘山树,赭其山。”

《水经注·湘水》: “是山,湘君之所游处。故曰君山矣”。

Yandi and Huangdi had separate descendants living in the barbarian lands

《诗·小雅·巷伯》也颖达疏:“北方太阴之气寒凉而无土毛,不生草木,寒冻不可居处”。

《国语·晋语八》:“昔成王盟诸侯与岐阳,楚为荆蛮,置茅蕝,设望表,与鲜卑守燎,故不与盟。”

《史記·匈奴列傳》:“匈奴,其先祖夏后氏之苗裔也”。

《山海經》:“黃帝之孫日始均,始均生北狄”。“黃帝生苗龍,苗龍生融吾,融吾生弄明,弄明生白犬……是為犬戎”。 “顓頊生驩頭,驩頭生苗民”。“季禺之國,顓頊之子”。“有國,名曰叔士,顓頊之子”。“有國曰中輪,顓頊之子”。

北齐魏收《魏书》:“昌意少子受封北土,国有大鲜卑山,因以为号。其后世为君长,统幽都之北、广莫之野。……黃帝以土德,北俗谓土为托,谓后为拔,故以为氏。”

《十六国春秋·前燕录》:“昔高辛氏游于海滨,留少子厌越居于北夷,邑于紫蒙之野”。

王嘉《拾遗记》:“轩辕去蚩尤之凶,迁其民善者于邹屠之地,迁恶者于有北之乡。其先以地命族,后分为邹氏屠氏”。

王嘉《拾遗记》:高辛 “帝喾之妃,邹屠氏之女也。轩辕去蚩尤之凶,迁其民善者于邹屠之地,迁恶者于有北之乡。其先以地命族,后分为邹氏、屠氏。女行不践地,常履风云,游于伊、洛。帝乃期焉,纳以为妃。

《周书·帝纪第一》:“太祖文皇帝守文氏,讳泰,字黑獭,代武川人也。其先出自炎帝神农氏,为黄帝所灭,子孙遁居朔野”。

《新唐书·宰相世系表》:“宇文氏出自匈奴南单于之裔”。

司马贞《史记索隐》荤粥:“匈奴之别名也,唐虞以上曰山戎,亦曰熏粥,夏曰淳维,殷曰鬼方,周曰俨狁,汉曰匈奴”

明 杨慎《升庵诗话·紫濛》: “慕容氏自云轩辕之后,从于紫蒙之野。”

(To help understand this new perspective, you may want to check into recent archaeological discoveries in the Kalgan area, as shown in two videos below:
http://space.tv.cctv.com/act/video.jsp?videoId=VIDE1201529582717232 series 4
http://bugu.cntv.cn/documentary/explore/tansuofaxian/classpage/video/20091220/100860.shtml series 5
A caveat here: you may want to discard the claims of the so-called Chiyou tombstone, as shown in the video “Discovering the First City in Chinese History: Huangdi City – Zhuolu”, which appears to me to be some kind of make-up of the 20th century China to make some quick bucks.)

In the section on Yandi (i.e., the Fiery Lord), we would present evidence that the original people who created the Sinitic civilization were in fact the O3-haplogroup Hmong-mien people while the O3-haplogroup Sino-Tibetans might have hijacked the reign after defeating Chi-you and Yandi in the epic battles of Zhoulu and Banquan.

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