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SOUTH-NORTH DYNASTIESContinuing the section on Sixteen Nations would be the time period called South-North Dynasties. Most historians classified it as Southern-Northern Dynasties to emphasize that both the northern and southern dynasties were part of one whole China. The division between the two time periods will be the demise of Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 317-420) and the usurpation by Eastern Jin General Liu Yu. The Hunnic-Xianbei rebellions against Western Jin Chinese led to the turmoils in northern China called 'Sixteen Nations' or 'Five Nomadic Groups Ravaging China'. The rebellions were the result of internal turmoils among Jin Chinese princes. The late Jin China period was known as the 'Turmoils of Eight Horses' because the eight Jin princes were named Sima, carrying the last character 'ma' (meaning 'horse'). When Sima princes almost finished off each other, a border general at today's Beijing, Wang Jun, would collude with Xianbei in the attempt of fighting Jin Court. Liu Yuan, a Hun hostage at Jin Court, would be released for organizing anti-Xianbei forces among the Southern Huns. Soon after that, Liu Yuan proclaimed the founding of Hunnic Han Dynasty (AD 304-329), and went on to route two Jin capitals of Luoyang and Xi'an, respectively. A Jiehu nomad under Hunnic Han (alternativel named Zhao) Dynasty would set up Posterior Zhao Dynasty. Ran Min, the adopted son of Shi Le, would kill all Jiehu and set up a Wei Dynasty, alternatively called Ran Wei. Some Chinese general on the Silk Road would set up Anterior Liang (AD 317-376). A Xianbei by the name of Murong Jun would rebel against Ran Min's Ran Wei, caught Ran Min, and set up Anterior Yan (AD 337-370). Murong Jun's brother, Murong Chui, would defeat the northern expedition led by Eastern Jin China's Heng Wen, but Murong Chui was not trusted by the nephew emperor. Hence, Murong Chui fled to Fu Jian's Di (1) nomads. Fu Jian, whose ancestor served under Jiehu's Posterior Zhao, would defeat Anterior Yan and set up Anterior Qin (AD 351-394). After the fall of Di's Anterior Qin, Xianbei re-established Posterior Yan (AD 384-409) and Qiangs would set up Posterior Qin (AD 384-417). Among Western Xianbei, Qifu would set up Western Qin (AD 385-431), and Tufa would set up Southern Liang (AD 397-414). Numerous statlets, like Posterior Liang, Northern Liang, Southern Yan, Western Liang, Hunnic Xia and Northern Yan would follow. Eastern Jin Dynasty's army, under general Liu Yu, would renew northern expeditions and finally destroyed the Posterior Qin Dynasty of the Qiangs (AD 384-417) in Xi'an and Posterior Yan Dynasty of Xianbei (AD 384-409) south of the Yellow River area. Before this campaign, Southern Chinese had staged quite a few northern campaigns. Zu Di, organizing refugees and civilians with minimal Eastern Jin Court support, would cross the Yangtze to mount a campaign against nomads in the northern China. General Heng Wen would continue the campaigns to the north and he met Wang Meng who later served Anterior Qin ruler (Fu Jian). General Liu Yu of Jin Dynasty first attacked the Xianbei in today's Jiangsu-Shandong provinces, and then attacked the Qiangic nomads in today's Luoyang-Xi'an areas. However, General Liu was eager to return to Nanking to usurp the Jin Dynasty, and his army in Luoyang-Xi'an areas were defeated by the Hunnic Xia. The Hunnic Xia, however, would soon be replaced by the Tobas who had steadily built up their power base in today's Shanxi-Hebei areas. The Hunnic Xia had once requested aid from another Hunnic people, the Ruruans in the Altai Mountains, but the Tobas had been able to defeat them both. Toba would set up their Toba Wei or Northern Wei Dynasty, lasting through AD 386-534, till it split into Eastern Wei (AD 534-550) and Western Wei (AD 535-557). Eastern Wei and Western Wei would be usurped by two generals of Xianbei origin, respectively, who set up Northern Qi (AD 550-577) and Northern Zhou (AD 557-581). The three Toba Wei dynasties, plus Northern Qi and Northern Zhou, would be called Northern Dynasties (AD 386-581). In AD 420, General Liu Yu (who claimed Han heritage) would usurp the power by proclaimg the Southern Song Dyasty (AD 420-479) in place of Eastern Jin Dynasty. In southern China, the so-called South Dynasties (AD 420-589) would include three more Han Chinese dynasties, namely Southern Qi (AD 479-502), Southern Liang (AD 502-557), and Southern Chen (AD 557-589). The last one, Chen, would be swallowed by the Sui Dynasty (AD 581-618) which had replaced the nomadic dynasties in Northern China. Buddhism Taking Root In China Toba Northern Wei Dynasty In Jan of AD 386, Toba Gui, namely, Toba Wei Emperor Daowudi, declared the founding of Dai Dynasty. Three months later, he renamed it to Wei Dynasty. Toba Wei defeated Northern Liang Dynasty in AD 439 and reunited northern China. Toba Western Wei Dynasty Toba Eastern Wei Dynasty Liu Song Southern Qi Dynasty Southern Liang Wei Dynasty Southern Chen Dynasty TO BE CONTINUED ! Written by Ah Xiang |
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ECON 101:  US Interest Rate Down =  China Exchange Rate Up !
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Huanghuagang Magazine 
Republican China in Blog Format 
![At the time [when China fell under the alien rule],](http://imperialchina.org/0442201b51e71777df540167-resized.jpg)
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![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)
