| Xia Dynasty |
22-17th c. BC
1
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| 2070-1600 BC
2
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| 2207-1766 BC
3
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| Shang Dynasty |
17 c.-1122 BC
1
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| 1600-1046 BC
2
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| 1765-1122 BC
3
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| Western Zhou |
1134 - 771 BC
1
|
| 1046 - 771 BC
2
|
| 1121 - 771 BC
3
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| Eastern Zhou |
770-256 BC |
| 770-249 BC
3
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| Sping & Autumn |
722-481 BC |
| 770-476 BC
3
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| Warring States |
403-221 BC |
| 476-221 BC
3
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| Qin Statelet |
900s?-221 BC |
| Qin Dynasty |
221-206 BC |
| 248-207 BC
3
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| Western Han |
206 BC-23 AD |
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9-23 AD |
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23-25 AD |
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25-220 |
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Wei 220-265 |
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Shu 221-263 |
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Wu 222-280 |
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265-316 |
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317-420 |
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304-420 |
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Di 301-347 |
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Hun 304-329 ss |
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Chinese 317-376 |
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Jiehu 319-352 ss |
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Di 351-394 ss |
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Xianbei 337-370 |
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Xianbei 384-409 |
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Qiang 384-417 ss |
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Xianbei 385-431 |
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Di 386-403 |
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Xianbei 397-414 |
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Hun 397-439 |
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Xianbei 398-410 |
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Chinese 400-421 |
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Hun 407-431 ss |
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Chinese 409-436 |
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386-581 |
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386-534 |
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534-550 |
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535-557 |
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550-577 |
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557-581 |
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502-557 |
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618-690 |
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690-705 |
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705-907 |
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947-950 |
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951-960 |
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902-979 |
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902-937 Nanking |
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907-925 Sichuan |
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907-963 Hubei |
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907-978 Zhejiang |
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907-946 Fukien |
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907-971 Canton |
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927-956 Hunan |
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934-965 Sichuan |
| Southern Tang |
937-975 Nanking |
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951-979 Shanxi |
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907-1125 |
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960-1127 |
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1127-1279 |
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1032-1227 |
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1115-1234 |
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1279-1368 |
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1368-1644 |
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1644-1912 |
| R.O.C. |
1912-1949 |
| R.O.C. Taiwan |
1949-present |
| P.R.C. |
1949-present |
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Escape from
Hengyang by
Qiong Yao
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Crossing Yangtze
Continuing from Tragedy of Chinese Revolution, Campaigns & Civil Wars, & White Terror vs Red Terror:
1) World War II, in both the East and the West, was the result of the inducements of the British, American[, and French] interest groups and syndicates, as well as the the result of the scheme by Soviet Russia. First there was the October 1925 Locarno Treaties which, per Jozef Beck, led to the opinion that "Germany was officially asked to attack the east, in return for peace in the west." Then in 1931, President Herbert Hoover gave Japan a free hand in the invasion of Manchuria on the pretext that Japan could not tolerate a half-Bolshevik China. Thereafter the September 1938 Munich Agreement. For what? Britain, France and the United States wanted Hitler to attack the Soviet Union, and wanted Japan to suppress China's nationalist movement and counter the Soviet Union. In both cases, Stalin out-smarted the Anglo-American and the French. Hitler attacked westward instead, and signed a non-aggression pact with Stalin to halve Poland; and Japan attacked Southeast Asia and Pearl Harbor after China, not the Soviet Union.
Half a year before Russo-Japanese Neutrality Treaty of April 1941 and one year ahead of the Pacific War, Japan already reached a secret deal with the USSR to halve China, as evidenced by Dec 1940 negotiations between Wang Ching-wei and Japan.
(More available at "Changing Alliances On International Arena", "Century-long American hypocrisy towards China", "Anglo-American & Jewish romance with Japanese", "Joe Stilwell's Authorization To Assassinate Chiang Kai-shek", and "What Foreign Powers Did To The Flowery Republic Prior To, During And After The 1911 Revolution".)
2) Stalin was the evil genius of the 20th century. Stalin, after the 1929 war against Zhang Xueliang over the Chinese-Eastern Railway [which erupted over Russian and Chinese communist agitation in sabotaging Japan's attempt at building five additional railways in Manchuria and Inner Mongolia], quickly divested himself of the railway when Japan invaded Manchuria on Sept 18th, 1931. After initially calling on world communists to militarily defend the Soviet Union from 1931 to 1933, Stalin subsequently designed the united front and popular front in 1935, and in the time period of 1936-1937 successfully lit the fuse of the Sino-Japanese War by means of repeated G.R.U. operations in northern China and Manchuria. To thwart Anglo-American attempts at using Japan against USSR, Stalin hijacked the American government policies by utilizing agents, saboteurs, provocateurs and sympathizers from the Institute of Pacific Relations. "16 out of 17 of the AMERICANS that were involved in creating the U.N. were later identified, in sworn testimony, as secret communist agents." The whole United States government was in fact taken over by the Comintern agents, including: Alger Hiss; Harry Dexter White; Lauchlin Currie; Laurence Duggan; Frank Coe; Solomon Adler; Klaus Fuchs; and Duncan Lee."
John Fairbank and Owen Lattimore, i.e., two "Old China Hands" who were repeatedly cited by the Chi-com for substantiation of the cause and success of the Chinese communist revolution, had merely been conscious and subconscious Russian and/or Chicom tools. (Most of the Comintern spies of European and American background had been recruited during their stay in China during the turbulent 1920s. Lattimore's belief and orientation should have been shaped during his early years in Peking in 1920s. Fairbank, who had done everything Agnes Smedley had asked him to do other than putting his name on the roster of the G.R.U. (Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation), was a member of the Chinese League for the Protection of Civil Rights in late 1932 and early 1933, and further rafted with Comintern agent Harold Isaacs on the Jehol River in 1934 before the latter switched to the Trotskyite path. Working directly under Lattimore would be two Chicom spies called Chi Chao-ting and Chen Han-sheng who designed America's China policies.)
3) It was the century's misfortune for China to have to see that the Anglo-American interest groups and Russian/Comintern agents colluded with each other in subverting Nationalist China.
No matter it was the 1904-05 Russo-Japanese War, or the Japanese invasion of Manchuria in 1931, or the 1937-1945 Sino-Japanese War, the aforesaid parties, plus the Chinese communist henchmen, were the ONLY people who wanted Japan to invade China, albeit for different reasons and agenda at different stages and times.
In another word, Japanese never realized that they had been brought up and used as a tool against China since Matthew Perry's timeframe. A rather simple explanation for the ultimate American intervention in China in March 1940, i.e., Americans hastily giving Chiang Kai-shek a badly-needed loan, would be to prevent Japan and China from reaching a truce since Chiang Kai-shek deliberately spread a rumor that his Chongqing government could merge with the puppet Nanking government. As Paul Reinsch and Arthur Young repeatedly said, the United States of America could have done just a little to help China, but chose to do nothing during WWI other than a Lansing-Ishii Agreement [which was to acknowledge that Japan had special interests (in the specified areas of China specified by the secret memorandum)], chose to do lip-service to Wu Peifu's ROC government while Russians equipped Feng Yuxiang and Sun Yat-sen's military factions with free guns; chose to do nothing after making sure China was to stay in the Second World War by merely granting the currency stabilization loan of 1940; and chose to use the Lend-Lease coercion to force China into throwing the crack troops at northern Burma just prior to the Japanese Ichigo Campaign in 1944.
4) There is no truth in Stalin and Truman racing against each other as suggested by Tsuyoshi Hasegawa. While Truman was blindfolded as to the making of the Atomic Bomb, the Russians had been receiving ships of uranium ore throughout the war, which was to make sure that the United States was not to become the nuclear monopoly. Stalin's American proxies already had Truman agree to the terms reached by Roosevelt at Yalta. United States had utterly no preparation for racing its army to Japan or Korea. "It was after US dropped two bombs onto Japan, on Aug 6th & 9th, respectively, that Rusk & Bonesteel, drew up the 38th Parallel on the map as an artificial division line separating the US sphere of influences from the USSR.
5) Japan already explored with the Russians for surrender. But the Russians refused them. Otherwise, what's the need to enter Manchuria and Korea? Since the Russians were eager to invade Manchuria & Korea, Japan had to turn around to request with Sweden for relaying a message of surrender.
Japan was in self-denial over the prospect of the Russian entry into war. Intelligence already poured into Japan as to the Russian complicity at Yalta. Back on June 9th, 1945, Truman officially told TV Soong (Song Ziwen) that he was to honor the late President's signature on the Yalta Agreement and requested that China dispatch a delegation to Moscow for stamping a Sino-Russian friendship agreement no later than July 1st. Chinese were busy repairing the damages. Japan knew about it. Japan sent secret negotiators to Chiang Kai-shek multiple times in July-August of 1945 for peace talks. Looking in hind sight, China, separately, should have struck a partial peace with Japan to ward off the Russians.
6) Though, Japanese emperor played a trick in surrender. He signed a "truce" order to his army and listing Britain, American and China and etc, but when he made the announcement on radio, he changed China to Chungking [Chongqing] the Chinese interim capital. We know Japanese have a problem with saving face. But the truth is known no matter how the professor wanted to discount the atomic bombs and gave weight to the Russian entry into the war. Professor Tsuyoshi Hasegawa, who skipped the name of China in his book title and ignored the death toll of 1 million Japanese on mainland China, should spend more time researching into the fate of more than half of the 500-600,000 Kwantung Army that had perished in Russian Siberia.
(Russians sorted out from Japanese Kwantung Army at least 30,000 Japanese cannons and medical staff and no less than two full Korean-ethnic Divisions for deployment by Chinese communists, not to count
the Outer Mongolian Cavalry and 100,000 fully-trained Korean mercenaries sent to China in 1947, with about 60,000-70,000 remnants shipped back to Korea prior to the Korean War of June 1950. According to Kim Il-sun, altogether 250,000 Korean mercenaries took part in the 1945-1950 civil war against the Nationalist Government, with 50-60,000 remnants returning to Korean for the 1950 Korean War.)
7)
Stalin and Russians were behind each step of Mao in making sure that no peace could have a chance from the day of the Japan surrender. Cumulatively, Russians acknowledged in 1970s that they had given the Chinese communists 700,000 guns, with North Korea's arsenals open for free pickup throughout the Chinese civil wars. (On the 1947 anniversary date of the Russian Revolution, Russians already disclosed that they had given Chinese communists massive military aid - which the Americans refused to acknowledge.) At about the same time the Republican Party forced through the China Aid Act in 1948, Stalin officially stamped a loan for the Chinese communists of equivalent amount allocated by the China Aid Act, with no strings attached.
Stalin understood that the generation of brave Chinese during first part of 20th century was the flower that China ever had in the whole history of 5000 years, a force that must be destroyed so that the Russian scheme at world domination could succeed.
Didn't know the Russian cold-bloodedness? Read into Katyn Murder of 20,000+ Polish officers, and Stalin's plan to shoot 50,000 German officers- which Roosevelt echoed by lessening to 49,500.
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As this webmaster had elaborated on the battles and campaigns in Civil Wars section, the Chinese Civil War of 1945-1950 [using Korean War as a breakpoint rather than PRC's proclaimed date of founding] is the "Last Duel of the Middle Earth" involving millions of fighting-to-death Yellow Men, whose outcome was determined on the battlefields by means of a) military tactics and strategies, b) political conspiracies and plots, c) economic manipulations and sabotage, c) societal disruption and coercion, and d) international alliance and betrayals, never ever the free choice of the Chinese people or the 'Mandate of Heaven' as John Fairbank and Owen Lattimore [and their student-sinologists in American colleges and universities] wanted you to believe in.
Korean War and Vietnamese War, invariably, were the extensions of the Chinese Civil War of 1945-1950.
Crossing Yangtze
On Jan 1st 1949, Mao Tse-tung issued a call in “Exerting the revolution to the end” on New Year Day speech. From mid-Jan to early March, communist troops converged around Zhoukou of Henan Province for one month long political studies. Communists re-organized fighting flanks by naming CCP Central Plains Field Army to People's Liberation Army 2nd Field Army [2FA]. Former organization of “zong dui” was officially converted to corps. Qin Jiwei's 9th “zong dui”, at Suxian of Anhui Province, was renamed to 15th Corps under 4th Army Group of PLA 2FA. In late Feb, PLA command center named 15th Corps as 2FA's herald troops for the Yangtze crossing. Departng Zhoukou on March 5th, Cui Jiangong's 45th Division, Zhang Xianyang's 43rd Division, and Xiang Shouzhi's 44th Division made a stealthy march towards the Yangtze bank through Mt Dabieshan. 23 days later, after atrek of 750 kilometers, 15th Corps arrived on the bank on March 27th after routing the cities of Yingshan and Luotian in Hubei Province and Taihu and Wangjiang in Anhui Province en route.
KMT troops, after the calamity in Xu-Beng Campaign, had basically abandoned positions north of the Yangtze Bank. Chiang Kai-shek claimed that he had delayed the resignation of presidency because he was too concerned with the fate of Du Yuming's army group to shake up the soldiers' will.
More avialable at YangtzeCampaign-v0.pdf.
Written by Ah Xiang
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US Interest Rate Down = 
China Exchange Rate Up !
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![Though, Anna Wang [Anneliese Martens], in her memoirs, expressed jealousy over Gong Peng by stating that the Anglo-American reporters had flattered the Chinese communists and the communist movement as a result of being entranced with the goldfish-eye'ed personal assistant of Zhou Enlai](GongPeng.jpg)